Have Lifestyle Habits and Psychological Well-Being Changed among Adolescents and Medical Students Due to COVID-19 Lockdown in Croatia?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pre-COVID-19 (2018 and 2019) | COVID-19 Lockdown | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Secondary School Students n = 769 | Domestic Medical Students n = 413 | International Medical Students n = 144 | p | Secondary School Students n = 324 | Domestic Medical Students n = 148 | International Medical Students n = 59 | p | |
Age; median (IQR) | 17.0 (1.0) | 23.0 (5.0) | 24.0 (4.0) | <0.001 # | 17.5 (1.0) | 23.0 (2.0) | 22.0 (6.0) | <0.001 # |
Gender; N (%) | 0.046 * | 0.084 * | ||||||
Females | 470 (61.5) | 283 (68.7) | 89 (62.2) | 232 (71.6) | 115 (77.7) | 37 (62.7) | ||
Males | 294 (38.5) | 129 (31.3) | 54 (37.8) | 92 (28.4) | 33 (22.3) | 22 (37.3) | ||
Smoking; N (%) | 0.564 * | 0.212 * | ||||||
yes | 113 (14.9) | 72 (17.5) | 25 (17.4) | 46 (14.2) | 24 (16.2) | 15 (25.4) | ||
ex-smokers | 78 (10.3) | 43 (10.5) | 19 (13.2) | 32 (9.9) | 19 (12.8) | 6 (10.2) | ||
never smoked | 568 (74.8) | 296 (72.0) | 100 (69.4) | 246 (75.9) | 105 (70.9) | 38 (64.4) | ||
BMI; median (IQR) | 21.0 (2.9) | 21.8 (3.5) | 22.7 (3.5) | <0.001 # | 21.3 (2.9) | 22.0 (3.7) | 22.0 (3.4) | 0.015 # |
Weighing (days ago); N (%) | 0.006 * | 0.029 * | ||||||
within 7 days | 258 (37.7) | 78 (38.6) | 41 (31.3) | 177 (54.6) | 78 (52.7) | 32 (54.2) | ||
8–30 days ago | 204 (29.8) | 81 (40.1) | 42 (32.1) | 84 (25.9) | 54 (36.5) | 13 (22.0) | ||
≥31 days ago | 222 (32.5) | 43 (21.3) | 48 (36.6) | 63 (19.4) | 16 (10.8) | 14 (23.7) | ||
Self-rated health perception; median (IQR) | 9.0 (1.0) | 9.0 (2.0) | 9.0 (2.0) | 0.172 # | 9.0 (2.0) | 9.0 (2.0) | 8.0 (2.0) | 0.001 # |
Pre-COVID-19 (2018 and 2019) n = 1326 | COVID-19 Lockdown n = 531 | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Age; median (IQR) | 18.0 (6.0) | 18.0 (6.0) | 0.100 § |
Gender; N (%) | <0.001 * | ||
Females | 842 (63.8) | 384 (72.3) | |
Males | 477 (36.2) | 147 (27.7) | |
BMI; median (IQR) | 21.4 (3.3) | 21.5 (3.2) | 0.563 § |
Self-rated health perception; median (IQR) | 9.0 (1.0) | 9.0 (2.0) | 0.001 § |
Dietary habits | |||
Breakfast frequency; N (%) | 0.350 * | ||
every day | 757 (57.4) | 324 (61.0) | |
4–6 days/week | 274 (20.8) | 99 (18.6) | |
0–3 days/week | 288 (21.8) | 108 (20.3) | |
Snacking while watching TV or studying †; N (%) | 0.341 * | ||
yes, frequently | 115 (15.7) | 79 (14.9) | |
yes, sometimes | 418 (57.0) | 287 (54.0) | |
no | 200 (27.3) | 165 (31.1) | |
MDSS score; median (IQR) | 7.0 (6.0) | 7.0 (5.0) | 0.927 § |
Sleeping habits | |||
Sleep duration on working days; median (IQR) | 7.0 (1.5) | 8.5 (1.5) | <0.001 § |
Feeling after waking up on working days; N (%) | <0.001 * | ||
refreshed | 112 (8.5) | 167 (31.5) | |
somewhat tired and sleepy | 804 (60.8) | 310 (58.4) | |
extremely tired and sleepy | 407 (30.8) | 54 (10.2) | |
Sleep duration on non-working days; median (IQR) | 9.0 (1.5) | 8.5 (1.5) | <0.001 § |
Feeling after waking up on non-working days; N (%) | <0.001 * | ||
refreshed | 722 (54.7) | 167 (31.5) | |
somewhat tired and sleepy | 531 (40.3) | 310 (58.4) | |
extremely tired and sleepy | 66 (5.0) | 54 (10.2) | |
Sedentary activity | |||
Sitting time (h/day); median (IQR) | 7.0 (4.0) | 6.0 (5.0) | <0.001 § |
TV watching time (h/day); median (IQR) | 1.0 (1.5) | 1.0 (1.8) | <0.001 § |
Computer/tablet use time (h/day); median (IQR) | 1.0 (2.0) | 3.0 (3.5) | <0.001 § |
Mobile use time (h/day); median (IQR) | 3.0 (3.0) | 3.0 (3.0) | 0.247 § |
Studying time (h/day); median (IQR) | 3.0 (2.5) | 3.0 (3.0) | <0.001 § |
Psychological well-being | |||
Happiness; median (IQR) | 7.0 (2.0) | 7.0 (3.0) | <0.001 § |
Optimistic about future; median (IQR) | 7.0 (4.0) | 7.0 (3.0) | <0.001 § |
Anxiousness; median (IQR) | 4.0 (5.0) | 4.0 (5.0) | 0.010 § |
Perceived stress score (PSS-10); median (IQR) | 18.0 (11.0) | 19.0 (10.0) | 0.037 § |
Perceived stress category; N (%) | 0.101 * | ||
low | 340 (25.7) | 112 (21.1) | |
moderate | 778 (58.9) | 336 (63.3) | |
high | 203 (15.4) | 83 (15.6) | |
Quality of life; median (IQR) | 8.0 (2.0) | 7.0 (2.0) | <0.001 § |
Total n = 531 | Secondary School Students n = 324 | Domestic Medical Students n = 148 | International Medical Students n = 59 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fruits; N (%) | 0.507 * | ||||
reduced | 29 (5.5) | 17 (5.2) | 6 (4.1) | 6 (10.2) | |
remained the same | 319 (60.1) | 195 (60.2) | 89 (60.1) | 35 (59.3) | |
increased | 183 (34.5) | 112 (34.6) | 53 (35.8) | 18 (30.5) | |
Vegetables; N (%) | <0.001 * | ||||
reduced | 17 (3.2) | 9 (2.8) | 2 (1.4) | 6 (10.2) | |
remained the same | 383 (72.1) | 255 (78.7) | 89 (60.1) | 39 (66.1) | |
increased | 131 (24.7) | 60 (18.5) | 57 (38.5) | 14 (23.7) | |
Meat and processed meat; N (%) | 0.316 * | ||||
reduced | 45 (8.5) | 25 (7.7) | 11 (7.4) | 9 (15.3) | |
remained the same | 422 (79.5) | 262 (80.9) | 116 (78.4) | 44 (74.6) | |
increased | 64 (12.1) | 37 (11.4) | 21 (14.2) | 6 (10.2) | |
Sweets and snacks; N (%) | 0.170 * | ||||
reduced | 143 (26.9) | 97 (29.9) | 31 (20.9) | 15 (25.4) | |
remained the same | 243 (45.8) | 141 (43.5) | 78 (52.7) | 24 (40.7) | |
increased | 145 (27.3) | 86 (26.5) | 39 (26.4) | 20 (33.9) | |
Weight change; N (%) | 0.002 * | ||||
reduced | 167 (31.5) | 96 (29.6) | 46 (31.1) | 25 (42.4) | |
remained the same | 198 (37.3) | 118 (36.4) | 58 (39.2) | 22 (37.3) | |
increased | 102 (19.2) | 56 (17.3) | 35 (23.6) | 11 (18.6) | |
don’t know | 64 (12.1) | 54 (16.7) | 9 (6.1) | 1 (1.7) | |
TV watching time; N (%) | <0.001 * | ||||
reduced | 73 (13.7) | 45 (13.9) | 14 (9.5) | 14 (23.7) | |
remained the same | 339 (63.8) | 226 (69.8) | 85 (57.4) | 28 (47.5) | |
increased | 119 (22.4) | 53 (16.4) | 49 (33.1) | 17 (28.8) | |
Computer/tablet use time; N (%) | <0.001 * | ||||
reduced | 21 (4.0) | 12 (3.7) | 8 (5.4) | 1 (1.7) | |
remained the same | 137 (25.8) | 58 (17.9) | 57 (38.5) | 22 (37.3) | |
increased | 373 (70.2) | 254 (78.4) | 83 (56.1) | 36 (61.0) | |
Mobile use time; N (%) | 0.001 * | ||||
reduced | 28 (5.3) | 13 (4.0) | 8 (5.4) | 7 (11.9) | |
remained the same | 171 (32.2) | 90 (27.8) | 54 (36.5) | 27 (45.8) | |
increased | 332 (62.5) | 221 (68.2) | 86 (58.1) | 25 (42.4) | |
Studying time; N (%) | 0.020 * | ||||
reduced | 172 (32.4) | 102 (31.5) | 57 (38.5) | 13 (22.0) | |
remained the same | 200 (37.7) | 119 (36.7) | 60 (40.5) | 21 (35.6) | |
increased | 159 (29.9) | 103 (31.8) | 31 (20.9) | 25 (42.4) | |
Physical activity; N (%) | 0.173 * | ||||
active every day of the week | 125 (23.5) | 87 (26.9) | 30 (20.3) | 8 (13.6) | |
active a few days a week | 217 (40.9) | 129 (39.8) | 59 (39.9) | 29 (49.2) | |
sometimes moderately active | 82 (15.4) | 50 (15.4) | 21 (14.2) | 11 (18.6) | |
very low level of activity and rarely active | 77 (14.5) | 45 (13.9) | 25 (16.9) | 7 (11.9) | |
not physically active at all | 30 (5.6) | 13 (4.0) | 13 (8.8) | 4 (6.8) | |
How hard has it been to experience lockdown and to be isolated from others?; median (IQR) | 6.0 (5.0) | 6.0 (5.0) | 6.0 (5.0) | 5.0 (6.0) | 0.623 # |
Predictors | Outcomes (Dependent Variables) | F | p | Partial η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (males are referent group) | Perceived stress score (PSS-10) | 73.62 | <0.001 | 0.070 |
Quality of life | 5.51 | 0.019 | ||
Happiness | 6.89 | 0.009 | ||
Anxiousness | 39.30 | <0.001 | ||
Optimistic about future | 23.22 | <0.001 | ||
Age (years) | Perceived stress score (PSS-10) | 6.47 | 0.011 | 0.007 |
Quality of life | 3.00 | 0.084 | ||
Happiness | 4.84 | 0.028 | ||
Anxiousness | 1.99 | 0.159 | ||
Optimistic about future | 1.08 | 0.299 | ||
Study group (secondary school students are referent group) | Perceived stress score (PSS-10) | 7.76 | <0.001 | 0.008 |
Quality of life | 3.90 | 0.020 | ||
Happiness | 4.56 | 0.011 | ||
Anxiousness | 2.55 | 0.078 | ||
Optimistic about future | 1.28 | 0.278 | ||
MDSS score | Perceived stress score (PSS-10) | 1.63 | 0.202 | 0.017 |
Quality of life | 14.95 | <0.001 | ||
Happiness | 1.70 | 0.193 | ||
Anxiousness | 0.52 | 0.472 | ||
Optimistic about future | 7.23 | 0.007 | ||
Working days sleeping time (h) | Perceived stress score (PSS-10) | 11.56 | 0.001 | 0.015 |
Quality of life | 0.44 | 0.506 | ||
Happiness | 3.35 | 0.068 | ||
Anxiousness | 13.79 | <0.001 | ||
Optimistic about future | 4.92 | 0.027 | ||
Sitting time daily (h) | Perceived stress score (PSS-10) | 17.83 | <0.001 | 0.034 |
Quality of life | 30.49 | <0.001 | ||
Happiness | 30.57 | <0.001 | ||
Anxiousness | 7.92 | 0.005 | ||
Optimistic about future | 4.46 | 0.035 | ||
COVID-19 lockdown (pre-COVID-19 is referent group) | Perceived stress score (PSS-10) | 7.75 | 0.005 | 0.089 |
Quality of life | 101.63 | <0.001 | ||
Happiness | 26.95 | <0.001 | ||
Anxiousness | 1.09 | 0.297 | ||
Optimistic about future | 24.60 | <0.001 |
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Dragun, R.; Veček, N.N.; Marendić, M.; Pribisalić, A.; Đivić, G.; Cena, H.; Polašek, O.; Kolčić, I. Have Lifestyle Habits and Psychological Well-Being Changed among Adolescents and Medical Students Due to COVID-19 Lockdown in Croatia? Nutrients 2021, 13, 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010097
Dragun R, Veček NN, Marendić M, Pribisalić A, Đivić G, Cena H, Polašek O, Kolčić I. Have Lifestyle Habits and Psychological Well-Being Changed among Adolescents and Medical Students Due to COVID-19 Lockdown in Croatia? Nutrients. 2021; 13(1):97. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010097
Chicago/Turabian StyleDragun, Ružica, Nikolina Nika Veček, Mario Marendić, Ajka Pribisalić, Gabrijela Đivić, Hellas Cena, Ozren Polašek, and Ivana Kolčić. 2021. "Have Lifestyle Habits and Psychological Well-Being Changed among Adolescents and Medical Students Due to COVID-19 Lockdown in Croatia?" Nutrients 13, no. 1: 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010097