Effects of a 3-Week Hospital-Controlled Very-Low-Calorie Diet in Severely Obese Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Approval for the Study on Humans
2.2. Subject Recruitment and Diet
2.3. Anthropometric Measurements
2.4. Biochemical Parameters
2.5. CBMN Cytome Assay
2.6. Antioxidative GSH and Oxidative ROS Damage Measurement
2.6.1. GSH Measurement
2.6.2. ROS Measurement
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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35.91 g proteins | - |
15.05 g fats | 5.05 g saturated, 4.55 g monounsaturated fatty acids, 4.67 g polyunsaturated fatty acids, 140.42 mg cholesterol |
74.92 g carbohydrates | 18.46 g monosaccharides and disaccharides, 56.46 g polysaccharides, 14.09 g fibers |
Minerals | 1144.68 mg Na+, 1447.47 mg K+, 376.02 mg Ca2+, 99.84 mg Mg2+, 7.82 mg Fe, and 636.53 mg P |
Vitamins | 0.51 mg vitamin B1, 0.67 mg vitamin B2, 0.57 mg vitamin B6, 75.97 mg vitamin C |
Code | G | Age | S | Disease | Therapy | Tumor Incidence | CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | f | 62 | No | none | none | No | 1098 |
2 | m | 56 | No | Hypertension, 10 y, hyperlipoproteinemia | Torasemide 10 mg 1 tbl, nebivolol 5 mg 1 tbl, lercanidipine 20 mg 1 tbl, moxonidine 0.4 mg 1 tbl, perindopril 8 mg 1 tbl, fenofibrate/simvastatin 145/20 mg 1 tbl | No | 2287 |
3 | f | 64 | No | DMT2, 20 y and hypertension 20 y, hyperlipoproteinemia | Metformin 1000 mg 2 × 1 tbl, glargine 32 units, ramipril 5 mg 1 tbl, lacidipine 6 mg 1 tbl, moxonidine 0.2 mg 1 tbl, fenofibrate/simvastatin 145/40 mg 1 tbl | Thyroid tumor 10 y ago | 2387 |
4 | m | 48 | No | Asthma, 20 y, hypertension 20 y, hyperlipoproteinemia | Torasemide 5 mg 1 tbl, perindopril/indapamide 10/2.5 mg 1 tbl | No | 2188 |
5 | m | 66 | No | DMT2, 17 y, hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia | Perindopril/indapamide/amlodipine 10/2.5/5 mg 1 tbl, empagliflozin/metformin 12.5/1000 mg 1 tbl, dulaglutide 1.5 mg s.c. once weekly, fenofibrate/simvastatin 145/40 mg 1 tbl, torasemide 10 mg 1 tbl every second day | No | 497 |
6 | f | 65 | No | Asthma, hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia | Furosemide 500 mg ¼ tbl, rosuvastatin 10 mg 1 tbl, losartan 100 mg 1 tbl | No | 1888 |
7 | m | 42 | No | Hypertension, 10 y | Torasemide 10 mg 1 tbl, perindopril 8 mg 1 tbl, moxonidine 0.4 mg 1 tbl, nebivolol 5 mg 1 tbl | No | 2283 |
8 | m | 66 | No | Hypothyroidism, 12 y ago, hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia | Perindopril 10/10 mg 1 tbl, indapamide 1.5 mg 1 tbl, moxonidine 0.6 mg 1 tbl, nebivolol 5 mg ¼ tbl | Thyroid carcinoma 12 y ago | 1311 |
9 | m | 51 | No | None | None | No | 1622 |
10 | f | 61 | No | DMT2,14 y, and hypertension, 14 y, and anemia, 2 y | Furosemide 40 mg 1 tbl, gliclazide 60 mg 1 tbl, pioglitazone 30 mg 1 tbl, exenatide once weekly, metformin 1000 mg 2 × 1 tbl, perindopril 10 mg 1 tbl, atorvastatin 20 mg 1 tbl, bisoprolol 5 mg 1 tbl | Colon carcinoma 14 y and nose tumor 4 y ago | 1754 |
11 | f | 52 | Yes | Hypertension, DMT2, 10 y, hyperlipoproteinemia | Empagliflozin/metformin 12.5/1000 mg 1 tbl, metformin 1000 mg 1 tbl, perindopril/amlodipine 5/5 mg 1 tbl | No | 829 |
12 | m | 55 | No | Chronic sinusitis, psoriasis vulgaris, arthritis psoriatica, DMT2, 4 y, hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia | Ramipril 5 mg 1 tbl, lacidipine 4 mg 1 tbl, nebivolol/hydrochlorothiazide 5/12.5 mg ½ tbl, fenofibrate/simvastatin 145/40 mg 1 tbl, metformin 1000 mg 2 × 1 tbl | No | 1044 |
13 | f | 56 | No | Asthma, DMT2, 6 y, hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia | Furosemide 40 mg 1 tbl, linagliptin 5 mg 1 tbl | Uterus myoma | 2030 |
14 | f | 67 | No | DMT2, 10 y, hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia | Perindopril/indapamide 5/1.25 mg 1 tbl, metformin 850 mg 2 × 1 tbl | No | 2828 |
15 | m | 57 | No | DMT2, 5 y, hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia | Perindopril/indapamide/amlodipine 10/2.5/5 mg 1 tbl, metformin 1000 mg 2 × 1 tbl | No | 968 |
16 | f | 46 | No | DMT2, 13 y, hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia | Ramipril/amlodipine 10/10 mg 1 tbl, torasemide 5 mg 1 tbl, insulin aspart/protamine 30 2× daily, empagliflozin/metformin 12.5/1000 mg, metformin 1000 mg 1 tbl after dinner, rosuvastatin 10 mg 1 tbl. | No | 14,656 |
17 | m | 50 | No | DMT2, 20 y, hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia | Furosemide 500 mg ¼ tbl, bisoprolol 2.5 mg 1 tbl, atorvastatin 20 mg 1 tbl, perindopril/indapamide 4/1.25 mg 1 tbl, insulin aspart/protamine 30 2× daily, insulin aspart with lunch, dulaglutide 1.5 mg once weekly, dapagliflozin 10 mg 2 × 1 tbl. | No | 1228 |
18 | m | 68 | No | DMT2, 15 y, hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia | Gliclazide 60 mg 1 tbl, dulaglutide 1.5 mg once weekly, dapagliflozin/metformin 5/1000 mg 2 × 1, pioglitazone 30 mg, metformin 1000 mg 1 tbl after dinner, rosuvastatin 20 mg, perindopril/indapamide 8/2.5 mg | No | 1001 |
19 | m | 59 | No | DMT2, 15 y, hypertension 15 y, osteoarthritis | Furosemide 40 mg 2–3× in week, atorvastatin 20 mg, gliclazide 60 mg ½ tbl, dulaglutide 1.5 mg once weekly, metformin 1000 mg 2 × 1 tbl, perindopril/amlodipine 10/5 mg 1 tbl, bisoprolol 5 mg 1 tbl | No | 1588 |
20 | f | 61 | No | Hyperlipoproteinemia (new diagnosis) | None | Colon 14 y ago and nose carcinoma 4 y ago | 1581 |
21 | m | 41 | Yes | DMT2, 20 y and hypertension 20 y, hyperlipoproteinemia | Dulaglutide 1.5 mg once weekly, glargine 30 j s.c., metformin 2000 mg, furosemide 40 mg 1 tbl, perindopril/indapamide/amlodipine 8/2.5/10 mg 1 tbl, moxonidine 0.2 mg 1 tbl, fenofibrate/simvastatin 145/40 mg 1 tbl | Fibroadenoma | 1538 |
22 | f | 64 | No | DMT2, 20 y and hypertension 20 y, hyperlipoproteinemia | Dulaglutide 1.5 mg once weekly, glargine 32 j in 21 h, metformin 1000 mg 2 × 1 tbl, levothyroxine 175 µg 1 tbl, furosemide 40 mg 1,0,0, KCl 500 mg 1,0,0, perindopril/indapamide/amlodipine 8/2.5/10 mg 1 tbl, moxonidine 0.2 mg 0,1,0, fenofibrate/simvastatin 40/145 mg 0,0,1, pantoprazole 40 mg 1,0,0, fluoxetine 20 mg 1 tbl, oxazepam 10 mg 0,0,1, cholecalciferol D3 8 drops, Mg 375 mg, beclometasone/formoterol 100/67 µg pp, lactulose sol 15 mL pp, trimetazidine MR tbl 35 mg 2 × 1. | Thyroid tumor 10 y ago | 1402 |
23 | f | 64 | No | DMT2, 20 y and hypertension 20 y, hyperlipoproteinemia | semaglutide 1 mg s.c. once weekly, glargine 35 j in 21 h, metformin 1000 mg 2 × 1 tbl, levothyroxine 175 µg 1 tbl, montelukastum 10 mg 1 tbl, desloratadine 1 tbl, furosemide 40 mg 1,0,0, KCl 500 mg 1,0,0, perindopril/indapamide/amlodipine 8/2.5/10 mg 1 tbl, moxonidine 0.2 mg 0,1,0, fenofibrate/simvastatin 40/145 mg 0,0,1, pantoprazole 40 mg 1,0,0, fluoxetine 20 mg 0,0,1, oxazepam 10 mg 0,0,1, cholecalciferol D3 8 drops, Mg 375 mg, beclometasone/formoterol 2 inh100/67 µg pp, lactulose sirup 15 mL pp; trimetazidine MR tbl 35 mg 2 × 1. | Thyroid tumor 10 y ago | 1488 |
24 | m | 42 | No | Hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia, hyperuricemia | nebivolol 5 mg 1 tbl, torasemide 10 mg 1 tbl weekly, allopurinol 100 mg 1 tbl. | No | 1978 |
25 | f | 58 | No | DMT2, Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Atrial fibrillation, post coronary angioplasty and stents, hyperlipoproteinemia, hyperuricemia | dabigatran 110 mg 2 × 1 tbl, bisoprolol COR 2.5 mg 2 × 1 tbl, valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 160/12.5 mg 1 tbl, clopidogrel 75 mg 1 tbl, furosemide 40 mg 1 tbl, KCl 500 mg 1 tbl, amiodarone 200 mg 1 tbl rosuvastatin 10 mg 1 tbl, metformin XR 750 mg 1 tbl. | No | 1935 |
26 | f | 60 | No | DMT2, Hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia, Hypothyreosis | semaglutide 1 mg s.c. once weekly, metformin 1000 mg 1 tbl, levothyroxine 150 µg 1/2 tbl, febuxostat 120 mg 1 tbl, perindopril/indapamide/amlodipine 5/1.25/10 mg 1 tbl, bisoprolol 2.5 mg 1 tbl, atorvastatin 20 mg 1 tbl | No | 1651 |
Reference Intervals (Range) | Baseline/Week 0 Mean ± SD, SE, Median, Range | Post-Diet/Week 3 Mean ± SD, SE, Median, Range | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anthropometric measures | Weight/kg | 134.86 ± 16.61, 3.30, 131.15, 111–183.60 | 126.48 ± 15.81, 3.10, 121.75,105.70–172.30 | p = 0.029255 * | |
W-HR/ratio | 1.04 ± 0.12, 0.02, 1.06,0.70–1.28 | 1.10 ± 0.09, 0.02, 1.09,0.94–1.29 | p = 0.046439 * | ||
BMI/kg m−2 | 47.43 ± 6.00, 1.18, 49.45, 35.70–57.50 | 44.49 ± 5.80, 1.14, 46.05, 33.60–54.90 | p = 0.057755 | ||
SMM/kg | 40.39 ± 7.19, 1.41, 38.05, 30.5–54.20 | 37.90 ± 7.00, 1.37, 36.35, 28.60–52.40 | p = 0.146747 | ||
BFM/kg | 63.74 ± 12.46, 2.44, 64.90, 40.40–90.30 | 59.50 ± 12.55, 2.46, 61.35, 35–82 | p = 0.211910 | ||
PBF, % | 46.83 ± 7.53, 1.48, 46.35, 33.50–64.50 | 46.07 ± 8.16, 1.60, 47.50, 30.70–62.70 | p = 0.737078 | ||
BMR/kcal day−1 | 1906.04 ± 254.20, 49.85, 1817.50, 1551–2385 | 1816.88 ± 246.67, 48.38, 1764.50, 1484–2320 | p = 0.157311 | ||
VFL | 0–35 range | 19.58 ± 1.10, 0.22, 20, 16–20 | 19.58 ± 1.27, 0.25, 20, 15–20 | p = 0.9 | |
Calorie intake/kcal day−1 | 2117.65 ± 2614.28, 512.70, 1605.00, 497–14,656- | ||||
Biochemical measures | Glucose | 4.40–6.40 mmol L−1 | 8.07 ± 2.78, 0.54, 7.50,5.30–19.10 | 6.54 ± 1.79, 0.35, 5.50,4.80–11.50 | p = 0.004524 * |
Urea | 2.80–8.30 mmol L−1 | 7.03 ± 3.32, 0.65, 5.95,3.90–18.70 | 5.51 ± 2.72, 0.53, 4.70,2.40–12.40 | p = 0.013070 * | |
TC | <5.00 mmol L−1 | 5.42 ± 1.45, 0.28, 5.30,3.00–10.10 | 4.08 ± 1.32, 0.26, 3.95,2.30–6.60 | p = 0.001851 * | |
HDL-C | >1.20 mmol L−1 | 1.23 ± 0.35, 0.07, 1.15,0.80–2.10 | 0.99 ± 0.27, 0.05, 0.90,0.60–1.60 | p = 0.010357 * | |
LDL-C | <3.00 mmol L−1 | 3.30 ± 1.29, 0.25, 3.10,1.00–7.70 | 2.29 ± 1.13, 0.22, 2.25,0.80–4.60 | p = 0.004262 * | |
TG | <1.70 mmol L−1 | 2.18 ± 0.79, 0.15, 2.10,0.80–3.70 | 1.72 ± 0.59, 0.12, 1.65,0.70–3.00 | p = 0.029221 * | |
Insulin/mIU L−1 | 16.75 ± 6.98, 1.37, 16.35, 4.30–31.20 | 13.35 ± 7.77, 1.52, 11.59, 2.30–31.50 | p = 0.058176 | ||
HOMA-IR/molar units | 6.35 ± 3.99, 0.78, 5.05, 1.40–17.70 | 4.08 ± 3.33, 0.65, 3.05, 0.50–16.10 | p = 0.007332 * | ||
TSH | 0.35–4.94 mIU L−1 | 1.91 ± 1.13, 0.22, 1.68, 0.08–5.72 | 1.38 ± 0.92, 0.18, 1.15, 0.03–3.24 | p = 0.131075 | |
fT4 | 9.00–19.05 pmol L−1 | 13.70 ± 2.00, 0.39, 13.85, 9.48–18.57 | 15.75 ± 3.82, 0.75, 14.06, 11.61–25.93 | p = 0.080455 | |
fT3 | 2.63–5.70 pmol L−1 | 3.99 ± 0.81, 0.16, 4.00, 2.64–5.59 | 3.87 ± 0.74, 0.14, 3.88, 2.53–5.11 | p = 0.682996 | |
leuk | 3.40–9.70 × 109 L−1 | 8.07 ± 2.23, 0.44, 7.31, 5.06–14.13 | 7.02 ± 1.56, 0.31, 6.92, 4.73–11.11 | p = 0.113943 | |
CRP | <5.00 mg L−1 | 9.66 ± 8.12, 1.59, 6.63, 1.68–31.16 | 8.62 ± 8.11, 1.59, 7.00, 0.68–29.93 | p = 0.495734 |
n | Weight/kg | SMM (diff) | BFM (diff) | PBF (diff) | BMI (diff) | BMR (diff) | W-HR (diff) | VFL (diff) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 128.60→121.60 (7, 5.44%, >10%) | 34.90→33.80 (1.10) | 66.90→61.30 (5.60) | 52.10→50.40 (1.70) | 50.90→48.10 (2.80) | 1702→1673 (29) | 0.92→0.98 (−0.06) | 20→20 (0) |
2 | 154.70→140.30 (14.40, 9.30%, ~20%) | 52.20→48.30 (3.90) | 63.4→56.20 (7.20) | 41.00→40.1 (0.90) | 54.20→49.10 (5.10) | 2341→2150 (191) | 0.84→0.99 (−0.15) | 19→20 (−1) |
3 | 143.50→131.60 (11.90, 8.30%, ~20%) | 38.30→33.50 (4.80) | 76.40→71.60 (4.80) | 53.20→54.40 (−1.20) | 56.10→51.40 (4.70) | 1820→1666 (154) | 0.70→1.03 (−0.33) | 16→20 (−4) |
4 | 133.60→125.80 (7.80, 5.80%, ~13%) | 44.40→41.30 (3.10) | 55.90→53.00 (2.90) | 41.80→42.20 (−0.40) | 41.70→39.30 (2.40) | 2049→1942 (107) | 1.14→1.19 (−0.05) | 20→20 (0) |
5 | 145.20→131.30 (13.90, 9.60%, ~20%) | 46.40→38.00 (8.40) | 64.20→64.30 (−0.10) | 44.20→49.00 (−4.80) | 50.20→45.40 (4.80) | 2120→1817 (303) | 1.01→1.25 (−0.24) | 20→20 (0) |
6 | 126.50→121.70 (4.80, 3.80%, ~10%) | 31.80→30.80 (1.00) | 69.80→66.60 (3.20) | 55.20→54.70 (0.50) | 50.00→48.10 (1.90) | 1594→1560 (34) | 1.07→1.08 (−0.01) | 20→20 (0) |
7 | 183.60→172.30 (11.30, 6.20%, >10%) | 54.20→52.40 (1.80) | 90.30→82.00 (8.30) | 49.20→47.60 (1.60) | 54.80→51.40 (3.40) | 2385→2320 (65) | 1.15→1.23 (−0.08) | 20→20 (0) |
8 | 118.70→111.90 (6.80, 5.70%, ~13%) | 44.90→43.20 (1.70) | 40.50→36.60 (3.90) | 34.10→32.70 (1.40) | 37.50→35.30 (2.20) | 2060→1997 (63) | 1.15→1.15 (0.00) | 19→18 (1) |
9 | 150.70→141.50 (9.20, 6.10%, >10%) | 49.30→47.30 (2.00) | 65.60→59.70 (5.90) | 43.50→42.20 (1.30) | 49.80→46.70 (3.10) | 2209→2136 (73) | 1.02→1.07 (−0.05) | 20→20 (0) |
10 | 131.60→120.70 (10.90, 8.30%, ~22%) | 35.80→31.80 (4.00) | 66.80→63.20 (3.60) | 50.80→52.30 (−1.50) | 46.60→42.80 (3.80) | 1769→1613 (156) | 0.96→1.09 (−0.13) | 20→20 (0) |
11 | 145.30→138.80 (6.50, 4.50%, >10%) | 37.80→36.30 (1.50) | 78.40→74.00 (4.40) | 54.00→53.30 (0.70) | 57.50→54.90 (2.60) | 1815→1770 (45) | 1.01→0.94 (0.07) | 20→20 (0) |
12 | 128.00→117.30 (10.70, 8.40%, ~27%) | 48.00→45.90 (2.10) | 43.80→36.80 (7.00) | 34.30→31.40 (2.90) | 41.30→37.90 (3.40) | 2188→2109 (79) | 0.91→0.97 (−0.06) | 16→15 (1) |
13 | 137.30→131.60 (5.70, 4.20%, ~10%) | 34.00→32.30 (1.70) | 76.70→73.90 (2.80) | 55.90→56.20 (−0.30) | 51.70→49.50 (2.20) | 1679→1616 (63) | 1.04→1.11 (−0.07) | 20→20 (0) |
14 | 111.00→105.70 (5.30, 4.80%, 11%) | 30.50→28.60 (1.90) | 56.30→54.10 (2.20) | 50.80→51.20 (−0.40) | 45.00→42.90 (2.10) | 1551→1484 (67) | 0.96→1.00 (−0.04) | 20→20 (0) |
15 | 130.70→120.50 (10.20, 7.80%, <22%) | 40.30→37.70 (2.60) | 59.70→54.10 (5.60) | 45.70→44.90 (0.80) | 44.70→41.20 (3.50) | 1903→1804 (99) | 1.17→1.20 (−0.03) | 20→20 (0) |
16 | 139.10→132.80 (6.30, 4.50%, 10%) | 37.60→36.40 (1.20) | 72.90→68.50 (4.40) | 52.40→51.60 (0.80) | 50.50→48.20 (2.30) | 1799→1759 (40) | 1.02→1.08 (−0.05) | 20→20 (0) |
17 | 120.80→114.10 (6.70, 5.60%, 18%) | 46.00→44.80 (1.20) | 40.40→35.00 (5.40) | 33.50→30.70 (2.80) | 35.70→33.70 (2.00) | 2106→2078 (28) | 1.10→1.09 (0.01) | 19→16 (3) |
18 | 121.70→114.70 (7.00, 5.80%, ~11%) | 33.00→32.00 (1.00) | 62.60→57.50 (5.10) | 51.40→50.10 (1.30) | 43.60→41.10 (2.50) | 1647→1606 (41) | 1.16→1.21 (−0.05) | 20→20 (0) |
19 | 119.40→110.20 (9.20, 7.70%, <35%) | 41.50→39.00 (2.50) | 45.90→40.80 (5.10) | 38.40→37.00 (1.40) | 36.40→33.60 (2.80) | 1958→1869 (89) | 1.13→1.18 (−0.05) | 20→20 (0) |
20 | 116.50→109.40 (7.10, 6.10%, >13%) | 33.90→31.50 (2.40) | 54.70→51.90 (2.80) | 47.00→47.40 (−0.40) | 41.30→38.80 (2.50) | 1704→1613 (91) | 0.94→1.08 (−0.14) | 20→20 (0) |
21 | 140.40→129.20 (11.20, 8.00%, <22%) | 48.30→45.80 (2.50) | 56.60→49.40 (7.20) | 40.30→38.30 (2.00) | 43.80→40.30 (3.50) | 2180→2093 (87) | 1.07→1.05 (0.02) | 20→20 (0) |
22 | 133.60→126.40 (7.20, 5.40%, >10%) | 35.60→33.50 (2.10) | 70.00→66.50 (3.50) | 52.40→52.60 (−0.20) | 52.20→49.40 (2.80) | 1744→1664(80) | 0.89→1.01 (−0.12) | 20→20 (0) |
23 | 125.60→121.80 (3.80, 3.00%, 6.16%) | 33.30→31.90 (1.40) | 66.60→64.90 (1.70) | 43.60→42.10 (1.50) | 49.10→47.60 (1.50) | 1645→1598(47) | 1.08→1.05 (0.03) | 20→20 (0) |
24 | 170.50→163.40 (7.10, 4.20%, 8.18%) | 51.00→49.60 (1.40) | 82.60→78.00 (4.60) | 64.50→62.70 (1.80) | 50.90→48.80 (2.10) | 2269→2216(53) | 1.27→1.29 (−0.02) | 20→20 (0) |
25 | 127.20→117.80 (9.40, 7.40%, 14.34%) | 33.50→30.50 (3.00) | 68.00→63.70 (4.30) | 43.90→39.90 (4.00) | 51.60→47.80 (3.80) | 1648→1538(110) | 1.14→1.19 (−0.05) | 20→20 (0) |
26 | 122.50→112.60 (9.90, 8.10%, 17.66%) | 33.60→30.40 (3.20) | 62.20→58.10 (4.10) | 44.50→40.10 (4.40) | 46.10→42.40 (3.7) | 1672→1548(124) | 1.07→1.16 (−0.09) | 20→20 (0) |
Parameter | Before | After | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD (SE), Median, Range | Mean ± SD (SE), Median, Range | ||
MN1 | 18.69 ± 9.04 (1.77), 18, 6–35 | 9.50 ± 5.05 (0.99), 9, 2–22 | |
No BN with MN | 19.62 ± 9.02 (1.77), 19.50, 6–35 | 9.88 ± 5.18 (1.02), 9.50, 2–23 | |
MNi total | 20.85 ± 8.97 (1.76), 20, 6–38 | 10.35 ± 5.47(1.07), 10, 2–24 | |
BN with 1NB | 5.81 ± 5.69 (1.11), 4.50, 0–28 | 3.00 ± 1.96(0.38), 3, 0–7 | |
BN with >1NB | 0.46 ± 1.42 (0.28), 0, 0–7 | 0 | |
No BN with NB | 6.27 ± 6.87 (1.35), 5, 0–35 | 3.00 ± 1.96(0.38), 3, 0–4 | |
NBs total | 6.73 ± 8.13 (1.59), 5, 0–42 | 3.00 ± 1.96(0.38), 3, 0–7 | |
NPBs total | 13.73 ± 10.72 (2.10), 10, 1–34 | 5.50 ± 4.46 (0.87), 4.5, 0–16 | |
M1 | 716.92 ± 223 (43.73), 826, 197–912 | 681.85 ± 191.33 (37.52), 743, 260–922 | 0.301108 |
M2 | 223.58 ± 139.86 (27.43), 155, 84–504 | 262.92 ± 138.73 (27.21), 244, 72–509 | 0.260328 |
M3 | 25.08 ± 32.54 (6.38), 9, 1–97 | 25.23 ± 26.12 (5.12), 14, 2–103 | 0.713974 |
M4 | 33.62 ± 59.71 (11.71), 7, 0–214 | 29.23 ± 37.26 (7.31), 8, 0–136 | 0.790038 |
NDI | 1.37 ± 0.37 (0.07), 1.2, 1.09–2.32 | 1.40 ± 0.28 (0.06), 1.30, 1.09–2.12 | 0.420625 |
Freq necrosis | 5.65 ± 9.94 (1.95), 0, 0–33 | 4 ± 6.58 (1.29), 0, 0–22 | 0.950682 |
MN | NB | NPB | Apoptotic Frequency | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD, SE, Median, Range | ||||
Two age categories | ||||
>60, n = 12 | 11.29 ± 4.59, 1.33, 10.75, 3–17.50 | 4.46 ± 5.71, 1.65, 2.50, 0.50–21 | 6.46 ± 5.36, 1.55, 4.25, 0.50–16 | 8.75 ± 8.09, 2.34, 6.50, 0–26 |
<60, n = 14 | 9.68 ± 4.42, 1.18, 10, 4–19 | 2.43 ± 1.47, 0.39, 0–5 | 7.21 ± 5.54, 1.48, 6, 1–17 | 11.36 ± 9.86, 2.63, 10, 2–42 |
Three age categories | ||||
41–50 y, n = 6 | 10 ± 4.32, 1.77, 11.50, 4.50–14.50 | 2.92 ± 1.80, 0.74, 2.75, 1–5 | 9.25 ± 6.69, 2.73, 9.50, 1–17 | 9.50 ± 5.89, 2.40, 10, 2–18 |
51–59 y, n = 8 | 9.44 ± 4.78, 1.69, 8.75, 4–19 | 2.06 ± 1.15, 0.41, 2, 0–3.50 | 5.69 ± 4.33, 1.53, 4.25, 1.50–14.50 | 12.75 ± 12.27, 4.43, 10, 3–42 |
60–68 y, n = 12 | 11.29 ± 4.59, 1.33, 10.75, 3–17.50 | 4.46 ± 5.71, 1.65, 2.50, 0.50–21 | 6.46 ± 5.36, 1.55, 4.25, 0.5–16 | 8.75 ± 8.09, 2.34, 6.50, 0–26 |
MN | NB | NPB | Apoptotic Frequency | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD, SE, Median, Range | ||||
Higher (H)/Lower (L) GSH levels | ||||
H, n = 13 | 8.69 ± 4.07, 1.13, 10, 3–15 | 2 ± 1.59, 0.44, 1.50, 0–5 | 5.27 ± 4, 1.11, 4, 1–14.50 | 12.15 ± 11.06, 8, 3.07, 3–42 |
L, n = 13 | 12.15 ± 4.35, 1.21, 12, 6.5–19 | 4.73 ± 5.27,1.46, 3, 1.5–21 | 8.46 ± 6.19, 1.72, 8.50, 0.50–17 | 8.15 ± 6.16, 1.71, 12, 0–23 |
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Ožvald, I.; Božičević, D.; Duh, L.; Vinković Vrček, I.; Pavičić, I.; Domijan, A.-M.; Milić, M. Effects of a 3-Week Hospital-Controlled Very-Low-Calorie Diet in Severely Obese Patients. Nutrients 2021, 13, 4468. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124468
Ožvald I, Božičević D, Duh L, Vinković Vrček I, Pavičić I, Domijan A-M, Milić M. Effects of a 3-Week Hospital-Controlled Very-Low-Calorie Diet in Severely Obese Patients. Nutrients. 2021; 13(12):4468. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124468
Chicago/Turabian StyleOžvald, Ivan, Dragan Božičević, Lidija Duh, Ivana Vinković Vrček, Ivan Pavičić, Ana-Marija Domijan, and Mirta Milić. 2021. "Effects of a 3-Week Hospital-Controlled Very-Low-Calorie Diet in Severely Obese Patients" Nutrients 13, no. 12: 4468. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124468