Is There an Ideal Diet to Protect against Iodine Deficiency?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Iodine Deficiency
2.1. Iodine Deficiency among Various Populations
2.2. Health Consequences of Iodine Deficiency
2.3. Iodine Deficiency and Breast Cancer
2.4. Iodine Deficiency in Pregnant Women
3. Iodine Recommended Intake
3.1. Iodine Intake from the Diet, Iodine Fortification and Recommendations
3.2. Food Sources of Iodine
4. Diets and a Reduced Iodine Intake
4.1. Hypertension and Salt-Restrictive Diet
4.2. Vegan and Vegetarian Diets
4.3. Gluten-Free Diet
4.4. Iodine Intake and Dairy Foods
4.5. Parenteral Nutrition
4.6. Palaeolithic Diet
4.7. Low-Salicylate Diet
5. Excessive Intake of Iodine
5.1. Excessive Intake of Iodine among Various Populations
5.2. Pharmacotherapy and Excessive Iodine Intake
6. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances), (μg) | Adequate Intake (AI), (μg) |
---|---|---|
0–6 months | 110 | |
7–12 months | 130 | |
1–3 years | 90 | |
4–8 years | 90 | |
9–13 years | 120 | |
14–18 years | 150 | |
≥19 years | 150 | |
Pregnancy | 220 | |
Breastfeeding women | 290 |
Product | Iodine Content (μg/100 Grams of Product) |
---|---|
Codfish, fresh | 110 |
Salmon, fresh | 7.7–44 |
Pike, fresh | 8 |
Kefir, 2% of fat | 7.5 |
Skimmed milk | 19.5–21 |
Cheese, full-fat | 7.7–30 |
Chicken eggs | 9.5–57.6 |
Oat flakes | 0.5–5.9 |
Vegetable | 1–31 |
Nuts | 4–9 |
Salt, iodized | 2293 |
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Krela-Kaźmierczak, I.; Czarnywojtek, A.; Skoracka, K.; Rychter, A.M.; Ratajczak, A.E.; Szymczak-Tomczak, A.; Ruchała, M.; Dobrowolska, A. Is There an Ideal Diet to Protect against Iodine Deficiency? Nutrients 2021, 13, 513. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020513
Krela-Kaźmierczak I, Czarnywojtek A, Skoracka K, Rychter AM, Ratajczak AE, Szymczak-Tomczak A, Ruchała M, Dobrowolska A. Is There an Ideal Diet to Protect against Iodine Deficiency? Nutrients. 2021; 13(2):513. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020513
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrela-Kaźmierczak, Iwona, Agata Czarnywojtek, Kinga Skoracka, Anna Maria Rychter, Alicja Ewa Ratajczak, Aleksandra Szymczak-Tomczak, Marek Ruchała, and Agnieszka Dobrowolska. 2021. "Is There an Ideal Diet to Protect against Iodine Deficiency?" Nutrients 13, no. 2: 513. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020513