Polyphenols Rich Diets and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Dietary Pholyphenols and Diabetes Risk
3. Specific Dietary Sources of Polyphenols and Diabetes Risk
3.1. Grains and Soy
3.2. Fruits and Vegetables
3.3. Olive Oil
3.4. Red Wine
3.5. Tea, Coffee, and Chocolate
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Dietary Source | Polyphenols Content (Class) * | Main Content for Serving ° | Supposed Benefic Effects on Glucose Metabolism |
---|---|---|---|
Wheat Whole Grain flour | Flavones Alkylphenols Hydroxycinnamic acids | 14 mg | Reduction of fasting insulin and insulin resistance. |
Soy flour | Isoflavonoids | 93 mg | Inconsistent data |
Apples | Anthocyanins Dihydrochalcones Flavanols Flavonols Hydroxybenzoic acids Hydroxycinnamic acids | 149 mg | Reduction of Postprandial Glucose |
Blackberry | Flavonols Hydroxybenzoic acids | 374 mg | Reduction of insulin resistance. |
Red Raspberry | Anthocyanins Flavanols Flavonols Hydroxybenzoic acids Hydroxycinnamic acids | 310 mg | Lower glycemic peak, reduction of serum insulin, better insulin response. |
Strawberry | Anthocyanins Flavanols Flavonols Hydroxybenzoic acids Hydroxycinnamic acids Stillbenes | 390 mg | Improved insulin sensitivity, decreased insulin hypersecretion. |
Pomegranate | Anthocyanins Dihydrochakcones Flavanols Flavonols Hydroxybenzoic acids Hydroxycinnamic acids | 1.1 mg | Reduction of postprandial glucose. |
Citrus | Flavanones Flavones Flavonols Lignans | 42 mg | Reduction of glucose uptake, improvement of insulin sensivity |
Red Onion | Anthocyanins Flavonols Hydroxybenzoic acids | 50 mg | Alfa-glucosidase ad alfa-amylase inhibition. Upregulation of adiponectin receptors Reduction of insulin resistance Increase of insulin secretion Activation of AMP-Activated protein kinase |
Yellow Onion | Flavonols Hydroxybenzoic acids | 22 mg | |
Broccoli | Flavonols Hydroxycinnamic acids | 33 mg | Reduction of insulin resistance |
Red Wine | Anthocyanins Flavonols Hydroxycinnamic acids | 126 mg | Reduction of insulin resistance Improve beta-cell function |
Olive Oil | Flavones Hydroxybenxoic acids Hydroxycinnamic acids Hydroxyphenylacetic acids Lignans Hydroxybenzaldehydes Tyrosols | 10 mg | Reduction of insulin resistance Dipeptidil-Dipeptidase-4 inhibition Increase GLP1 secretion |
Cocoa (dark chocolate) | Flavanols Flavonols Hydroxycinnamic acids Stillbenes | 283 mg | Reduction of insulin resistance Reduction of appetite |
Coffee | Hydroxycinnamic acids Alkylmethoxyphenols Alkyphenols Methoxyphenols | 408 mg | Reduction of insulin resistance |
Black Tea | Flavanols Flavonols Hydroxybenxoic acids Hydroxycinnamic acids | 197 mg | Reduction of postprandial glucose. Reduction of insulin resistance |
Green Tea | Flavanols Flavonols Hydroxybenxoic acids Hydroxycinnamic acids | 173 mg |
Design | Main Objectives | Main Findings | |
---|---|---|---|
Shamloo M et al. [30] | Experimental on cellular cultures. | Effects of Phenolic acids extracted from whole grains on glucose uptake in human Caco-2E cells | Glucose uptake inhibition was positively associated with the phenolic acids content. |
Castro-Acosta ML et al. [35] | Double blind, crossover trial in 25 healthy subjects and in vitro study of possible mechanism. | Evaluate the effects of Apple and blackcurrant polyphenols rich drinks versus placebo on post-prandial glucose and incretin response to meal in humans. | Apple Polyphenols reduce postprandial insulin, C-Peptide and insulin area under the curve at 30 min. |
Prpa E J et al. [36] | Double blind, crossover acute trial in 34 healthy subjects an in vitro study of possible mechanism. | Evaluate the effect of Apple Extract (with different content of polyphenols and phlorizin) vs. placebo on post-prandial glucose. Test the capacity of Apple Extract to inhibit cellular glucose transport | Polyphenol enriched apple extract reduced plasma glucose and insulin area under the curve at 30 min. In vitro model apple extract inhibits cellular glucose uptake in a dose dependent manner. |
Xiao D. et al. [39] | Controlled three arm single-blinded, crossover randomized clinical trial in 32 adults with obesity and insulin resistance. | Evaluate the effect of red raspberry intake versus placebo on meal induced metabolic responses. | Compared to placebo Red raspberry reduced insulin area under the curve, peak glucose, peak insulin ad 2 h glucose area under the curve. |
Paquette M, et al. [40] | Parallel double blind controlled and randomized trial in 41 overweight subjects | Evaluate the effect of strawberry and cranberry polyphenols consumption on insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and insulin secretion using the euglycemic iperinsulinemic clamp technique. | 6 weeks consumption of strawberry and cranberry extract was associated to significant improvement in insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. |
Hsia DS, et al. [41] | Parallel double blind controlled and randomized trial in 35 overweight subjects | Evaluate the effect of cranberry consumption on insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and insulin secretion using the euglycemic iperinsulinemic clamp technique. | 8 weeks consumption of cranberry extract has no effects on insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. |
Kerimi A. et al. [42] | double blind randomized, crossover, controlled trial in 16 healthy subjects | Evaluate versus placebo the acute effect of pomegranate juice and polyphenol rich extract from pomegranate on the bread derived postprandial blood glucose concentration. | Pomegranate polyphenols in beverage reduced post-prandial response to bread. |
Ebrahimi-Mamaghani M et al. [49] | randomized controlled trial in 53 overweight woman with polycystic ovarian syndrome | Evaluate the effect of 8-week consumption of raw red onion consumption on metabolic features. | No effects of fasting glucose, modest cholesterol lowering activity. |
Jafarpour-Sadegh F et al. [50] | parallel, triple blind controlled and randomized trial in 56 woman with breast cancer treated with doxorubicin. | Evaluate the effect of 8-week consumption of fresh yellow onion consumption on glucose metabolism. | Higher consumption of fresh yellow onion was associated with reduced fasting glucose and decreased insulin resistance. |
Carnevale R et al. [58] | randomized, crossover, controlled trial in 30 subjects with prediabetes | Effects of 10 g extravirgin olive oil on post-prandial glucose and incretins | Extravirgin olive oil improved postprandial glucose an was associated with reduced activity of dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 and increased postprandial concentration of Glucagon Like Peptide 1 |
Chiva-Blanch G. et al. [60] | randomized, crossover, controlled trial in 67 subjects with high cardiovascular risk | Effects of 4 week consumption of dealcoholized red wine on glucose metabolism. | Consumption of dealcoholized red wine (with main content of polyphenols) reduced insulin resistance and fasting insulin. |
Alves Ferreira M et al. [65] | double blind randomized, crossover, controlled trial in 120 non diabetic overweight woman | Evaluate effect of 12 week consumption of green tea versus 1 g metformin on glycemic control | Green tea consumption had similar effects to metformin on glycemic control. |
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Da Porto, A.; Cavarape, A.; Colussi, G.; Casarsa, V.; Catena, C.; Sechi, L.A. Polyphenols Rich Diets and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1445. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051445
Da Porto A, Cavarape A, Colussi G, Casarsa V, Catena C, Sechi LA. Polyphenols Rich Diets and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients. 2021; 13(5):1445. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051445
Chicago/Turabian StyleDa Porto, Andrea, Alessandro Cavarape, GianLuca Colussi, Viviana Casarsa, Cristiana Catena, and Leonardo A. Sechi. 2021. "Polyphenols Rich Diets and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes" Nutrients 13, no. 5: 1445. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051445