Associations between Family-Based Stress and Dietary Inflammatory Potential among Families with Preschool-Aged Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. Family Stress Measures
2.2.2. Dietary Measures
2.3. Covariates
BMI and BMI Z-Score Calculations
2.4. Data Exclusions and Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Family Characteristics
3.2. E-DII and C-DII Scores
3.3. Family Stress Scores
3.4. Linear Regression Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Mothers n = 212 | Fathers n = 146 | Girls n = 130 | Boys n = 123 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean (SE) | 35.16 (0.32) | 36.46 (0.40) | 3.57 (0.10) | 3.76 (0.11) |
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SE) | 26.80 (0.46) | 26.93 (0.43) | 0.48 (0.08) 1 | 0.54 (0.08) 1 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
Northeast or Southeast Asian (e.g., Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Filipino, Malaysian, Laotian, etc.) | 11 (5.19) | 6 (4.11) | 4 (3.08) | 5 (4.07) |
South Asian (e.g., East Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, etc.) | 6 (2.83) | 7 (4.79) | 4 (3.08) | 4 (3.25) |
Other (e.g., Black, West Asian, Latin American) | 15 (7.08) | 9 (6.16) | 6 (4.62) | 3 (2.44) |
White | 174 (82.08) | 115 (78.77) | 103 (79.23) | 88 (71.54) |
Mixed ethnicity | 5 (2.36) | 7 (4.79) | 10 (7.69) | 18 (14.63) |
Did not disclose | 1 (0.47) | 2 (1.37) | 3 (2.31) | 5 (4.07) |
Education, n (%) | ||||
No postsecondary degree | 21 (9.91) | 35 (23.97) | - | - |
University or college graduate | 105 (49.53) | 71 (48.63) | - | - |
Postgraduate training or degree | 86 (40.57) | 40 (27.40) | - | - |
Annual household income, n (%) | ||||
Less than $30,000 | 9 (4.25) | 3 (2.05) | - | - |
$30,000 to $59,999 | 24 (11.32) | 24 (16.44) | - | - |
$60,000 to $99,999 | 67 (31.60) | 38 (26.03) | - | - |
$100,000 or more | 102 (48.11) | 73 (50.00) | - | - |
Did not disclose | 10 (4.72) | 8 (5.48) | - | - |
Number of children, n (%) | ||||
1 | 62 (29.95) | 44 (28.77) | - | - |
2 | 116 (54.72) | 79 (54.11) | - | - |
3 or more | 34 (18.48) | 25 (17.12) | - | - |
Nutrient | Mothers n = 212 | Fathers n = 146 | Girls n = 130 | Boys n = 123 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Energy (kcal) | 2020.08 (48.86) | 2540.31 (79.62) | 1378.04 (33.41) | 1481.98 (36.92) |
Protein (g) | 83.37 (2.33) | 105.20 (3.83) | 56.26 (1.76) | 56.76 (1.99) |
Carbohydrates (g) | 234.99 (6.39) | 284.04 (9.04) | 175.62 (4.84) | 197.04 (5.57) |
Total fat (g) | 84.92 (2.74) | 102.69 (4.23) | 52.98 (1.66) | 54.97 (1.92) |
Saturated fatty acids (g) | 27.33 (1.01) | 33.59 (1.61) | 19.69 (0.79) | 19.44 (0.80) |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (g) | 31.34 (1.10) | 38.50 (1.62) | 18.23 (0.60) | 19.60 (0.74) |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g) | 18.85 (0.78) | 21.42 (1.09) | 10.04 (0.43) | 10.86 (0.54) |
Sodium (mg) | 3222.27 (90.80) | 4164.60 (148.83) | 1992.24 (60.30) | 2121.98 (71.45) |
Alcohol (g) | 3.27 (0.62) | 13.94 (3.35) | - | - |
Fibre (g) | 22.68 (0.81) | 22.56 (0.78) | 14.62 (0.50) | 15.63 (0.58) |
Cholesterol (mg) | 293.31 (14.20) | 393.60 (27.81) | 184.38 (9.93) | 181.56 (11.88) |
Niacin (mg) | 22.16 (0.69) | 30.62 (1.23) | 13.16 (0.55) | 13.90 (0.61) |
Thiamin (mg) | 1.84 (0.09) | 2.44 (0.11) | 1.17 (0.05) | 1.32 (0.06) |
Riboflavin (mg) | 2.12 (0.05) | 2.66 (0.10) | 1.53 (0.05) | 1.55 (0.05) |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.79 (0.06) | 2.32 (0.11) | 1.16 (0.04) | 1.18 (0.04) |
Vitamin B12 (μg) | 3.85 (0.18) | 6.18 (1.18) | 3.11 (0.17) | 2.97 (0.16) |
Iron (mg) | 13.86 (0.41) | 17.63 (0.68) | 8.90 (0.33) | 9.69 (0.36) |
Magnesium (mg) | 360.15 (10.05) | 391.03 (13.58) | 220.10 (7.51) | 230.05 (7.55) |
Zinc (mg) | 11.44 (0.40) | 14.49 (1.00) | 7.67 (0.27) | 7.60 (0.29) |
Selenium (μg) | 117.84 (4.08) | 161.74 (8.25) | 78.19 (2.69) | 79.99 (2.93) |
Vitamin A (μg) | 879.52 (37.69) | 881.96 (49.58) | 622.99 (30.52) | 600.20 (31.53) |
Vitamin C (mg) | 103.29 (5.85) | 101.23 (7.05) | 75.12 (4.53) | 82.66 (6.15) |
Vitamin E (mg) | 11.27 (0.46) | 12.98 (0.75) | 5.98 (0.23) | 6.57 (0.35) |
Folic acid (μg) | 110.36 (6.20) | 170.79 (11.70) | 79.30 (4.82) | 95.84 (6.81) |
Beta carotene (μg) | 4845.70 (350.35) | 3968.31 (389.87) | 2282.77 (226.64) | 2332.66 (233.88) |
Dietary Inflammatory Index score 1, mean (SE) | −0.71 (0.15) | −0.03 (0.17) | 0.04 (0.14) | −0.05 (0.15) |
Anti-inflammatory profile (i.e., scores <0), n (%) | 144 (67.9) | 73 (50.0) | 73 (56.1) | 65 (52.9) |
Proinflammatory profile (i.e., scores >0), n (%) | 68 (32.1) | 73 (50.0) | 57 (43.9) | 58 (47.2) |
Stress Measure | High Stress Mean (SE) n (%) | Low Stress Mean (SE) n (%) | β (95% CI) p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Parents | |||
Parenting Distress (High ≥ 36 points) | 39.56 (0.34) n = 68 (19.0%) | 26.48 (0.33) n = 290 (81.0%) | −0.107 (−0.713, 0.498) p = 0.73 |
Depressive Symptoms 2 (High ≥ 10 points) | 13.64 (0.42) n = 83 (23.3%) | 4.30 (0.15) n = 273 (76.7%) | 0.234 (−0.329, 0.797) p = 0.42 |
Household Chaos 3 (High ≥ 37.5 points) | 40.93 (0.47) n = 40 (11.4%) | 28.43 (0.26) n = 310 (88.6%) | 0.973 (0.321, 1.624) p = 0.003 |
Family Dysfunction 4 (High ≥ 2.17 points) | 2.42 (0.0.04) n = 31 (8.7%) | 1.55 (0.0.02) n = 324 (91.3%) | 0.967 (0.173, 1.761) p = 0.02 |
Children | |||
Household Chaos 3 (High ≥ 37.5 points) | 40.73 (0.49) n = 30 (12.1%) | 28.88 (0.32) n = 219 (88.0%) | 0.221 (−0.450, 0.893) p = 0.52 |
Family Dysfunction 4 (High ≥ 2.17 points) | 2.39 (0.04) n = 24 (9.6%) | 1.57 (0.02) n = 226 (90.4%) | 0.036 (−0.624, 0.696) p = 0.92 |
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Hruska, V.; Shivappa, N.; Hébert, J.R.; Duncan, A.M.; Haines, J.; Ma, D.W.L. Associations between Family-Based Stress and Dietary Inflammatory Potential among Families with Preschool-Aged Children. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051464
Hruska V, Shivappa N, Hébert JR, Duncan AM, Haines J, Ma DWL. Associations between Family-Based Stress and Dietary Inflammatory Potential among Families with Preschool-Aged Children. Nutrients. 2021; 13(5):1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051464
Chicago/Turabian StyleHruska, Valerie, Nitin Shivappa, James R. Hébert, Alison M. Duncan, Jess Haines, and David W. L. Ma. 2021. "Associations between Family-Based Stress and Dietary Inflammatory Potential among Families with Preschool-Aged Children" Nutrients 13, no. 5: 1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051464
APA StyleHruska, V., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J. R., Duncan, A. M., Haines, J., & Ma, D. W. L. (2021). Associations between Family-Based Stress and Dietary Inflammatory Potential among Families with Preschool-Aged Children. Nutrients, 13(5), 1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051464