Principles of Sustainable Healthy Diets in Worldwide Dietary Guidelines: Efforts So Far and Future Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection and Collection of Dietary Guidelines
2.2. Data Collection from FBDG and Comparison with the Guiding Principles for Sustainable Healthy Diets
3. Results
3.1. Dietary Guidelines: Geographical Distribution and Period of Publication
3.2. Compliance of Total FBDGs to the Guiding Principles for Sustainable Healthy Diets
3.3. Compliance of FBDGs with Guiding Principles for Sustainable Healthy Diets, by Publication Time and Geographical Macro-Area
3.3.1. Health Aspects
3.3.2. Environmental Impact
3.3.3. Socio-Cultural Aspects
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Number | Guiding Principle on Sustainable Healthy Diets | N° of FDBGs Including the Principle | % (n = 43) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Health aspects | (1) | “… start early in life with early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding until six months of age and continued breastfeeding until two years and beyond, combined with appropriate complementary feeding.” | 24 | 56% |
(2) | “… are based on a variety of unprocessed or minimally processed foods, balanced across food groups, while restricting highly processed food and drink products.” | 41 | 95% | |
(3) | “… include wholegrain, legumes, nuts and an abundance and variety of fruits and vegetables.” | 42 | 98% | |
(4) | “… can include moderate amounts of eggs, dairy, poultry and fish and small amounts of red meat.” | 32 | 74% | |
(5) | “… include safe and clean drinking water as the fluid of choice.” | 33 | 77% | |
(6) | “… are adequate (i.e., reaching but not exceeding needs) in energy and nutrients for growth and development and to meet the needs for an active and healthy life across the lifecycle.” | 29 | 67% | |
(7) | “… are consistent with WHO guidelines to reduce the risk of diet-related NCDs, and ensure health and wellbeing for the general population.” | 31 | 72% | |
(8) | “… contain minimal levels, or none if possible, of pathogens, toxins and other agents that can cause foodborne disease.” | 29 | 67% | |
Environmental impact | (9) | “… maintain greenhouse gas emissions, water and land use, nitrogen and phosphorus application and chemical pollution within set targets.” | 8 | 19% |
(10) | “… preserve biodiversity, including that of crops, livestock, forest-derived foods and aquatic genetic resources, and avoid overfishing and overhunting.” | 4 | 9% | |
(11) | “… minimise the use of antibiotics and hormones in food production.” | 2 | 5% | |
(12) | “… minimise the use of plastics and derivatives in food packaging.” | 4 | 9% | |
(13) | “… reduce food loss and waste.” | 10 | 23% | |
Sociocultural aspects | (14) | “… are built on and respect local culture, culinary practices, knowledge and consumption patterns, and values the way food is sourced, produced and consumed.” | 23 | 53% |
(15) | “… are accessible and desirable.” | 17 | 40% | |
(16) | “… avoid adverse gender-related impacts, especially with regard to time allocation (e.g., for buying and preparing food, water and fuel acquisition).” | 3 | 7% |
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Martini, D.; Tucci, M.; Bradfield, J.; Di Giorgio, A.; Marino, M.; Del Bo', C.; Porrini, M.; Riso, P. Principles of Sustainable Healthy Diets in Worldwide Dietary Guidelines: Efforts So Far and Future Perspectives. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1827. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061827
Martini D, Tucci M, Bradfield J, Di Giorgio A, Marino M, Del Bo' C, Porrini M, Riso P. Principles of Sustainable Healthy Diets in Worldwide Dietary Guidelines: Efforts So Far and Future Perspectives. Nutrients. 2021; 13(6):1827. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061827
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartini, Daniela, Massimiliano Tucci, James Bradfield, Antonio Di Giorgio, Mirko Marino, Cristian Del Bo', Marisa Porrini, and Patrizia Riso. 2021. "Principles of Sustainable Healthy Diets in Worldwide Dietary Guidelines: Efforts So Far and Future Perspectives" Nutrients 13, no. 6: 1827. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061827