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Nutrients
Volume 13
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Review

An Updated Comprehensive Review on Vitamin A and Carotenoids in Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Genetics, Assessment, Current Evidence, and Future Clinical Implications

by
Jee Ah Kim
1,†,
Ja-Hyun Jang
1,† and
Soo-Youn Lee
1,2,3,*
1
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
2
Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
3
Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, 115 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06355, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to the work.
Nutrients 2021, 13(9), 3162; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093162
Submission received: 15 July 2021 / Revised: 28 August 2021 / Accepted: 6 September 2021 / Published: 10 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carotene and Carotenoids and Human Health)
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Abstract

Vitamin A and carotenoids are fat-soluble micronutrients that play important role as powerful antioxidants modulating oxidative stress and cancer development. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. As the risk of breast cancer is dependent on various lifestyle factors such as dietary modifications, there is increasing interest surrounding the anti-cancerous properties of vitamin A and carotenoids. Despite the suggested protective roles of vitamin A and carotenoids in breast cancer development, their clinical application for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer is limited. In this narrative review, we discuss the roles of vitamin A and carotenoids along with the evaluation method of vitamin A status. We also exhibit the association of genetic variations involved in metabolism of vitamin A and carotenoids with cancers and other diseases. We demonstrate the epidemiological evidence for the relationship of vitamin A and carotenoids with breast cancer risk, their effects on cancer mechanism, and the recent updates in clinical practice of vitamin A or carotenoids as a potential therapeutic agent against breast cancer. This review provides insight into the preventive and therapeutic roles of vitamin A and carotenoids in breast cancer development and progression.
Keywords: vitamin A; retinoids; carotenoids; breast cancer; cancer risk; cancer signaling; prevention; treatment; novel targets vitamin A; retinoids; carotenoids; breast cancer; cancer risk; cancer signaling; prevention; treatment; novel targets

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kim, J.A.; Jang, J.-H.; Lee, S.-Y. An Updated Comprehensive Review on Vitamin A and Carotenoids in Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Genetics, Assessment, Current Evidence, and Future Clinical Implications. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3162. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093162

AMA Style

Kim JA, Jang J-H, Lee S-Y. An Updated Comprehensive Review on Vitamin A and Carotenoids in Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Genetics, Assessment, Current Evidence, and Future Clinical Implications. Nutrients. 2021; 13(9):3162. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093162

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim, Jee Ah, Ja-Hyun Jang, and Soo-Youn Lee. 2021. "An Updated Comprehensive Review on Vitamin A and Carotenoids in Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Genetics, Assessment, Current Evidence, and Future Clinical Implications" Nutrients 13, no. 9: 3162. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093162

APA Style

Kim, J. A., Jang, J.-H., & Lee, S.-Y. (2021). An Updated Comprehensive Review on Vitamin A and Carotenoids in Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Genetics, Assessment, Current Evidence, and Future Clinical Implications. Nutrients, 13(9), 3162. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093162

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