Kiwifruit’s Allergy in Children: What Do We Know?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Epidemiology
4. Molecular Allergens
5. Pathophysiology
6. Clinical Manifestations
7. Cross-Reactions
8. Diagnosis
9. Prevention and Therapy
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Shape | Density of Hairs | Fruit Flesh |
---|---|---|---|
A. deliciosa | Large, ovoid | Dense | Green |
A. chinensis | Large, elliptical | Sparse or absent | Yellow, green, or red |
A. arguta | Small, round | Absent | Green |
A. eriantha | Long, cylindrical | Abundant, long, villose, white | Dark green |
Allergen | Biochemical Name | Molecular Weight | Clinical Significance |
---|---|---|---|
Act d 1 | Cysteine protease (actinidin) | 30 kDa | Major allergen related to systemic reactions |
Act d 2 | Thaumatin-like protein | 24 kDa | Major allergen |
Act d 3 | 40 kDa | Minor allergen | |
Act d 4 | Phytocystatin | 11 kDa | Minor allergen |
Act d 5 | Kiwellin | 28 kDa | Minor allergen |
Act d 6 | Pectin methylesterase inhibitor | 18 kDa | Minor allergen |
Act d 7 | Pectin methylesterase | 50 kDa | Minor allergen |
Act d 8 | Pathogenesis-related protein, PR-10, Bet v 1 family member | 17 kDa | Major allergen, negative predictive risk factor for systemic reactions |
Act d 9 | Profilin | 14 kDa | Minor allergen |
Act d 10 | nsLTP1 | 10 kDa | Minor allergen associated with mild symptoms, mainly in southern Europe |
Act d 11 | Major latex protein/ripening-related protein (MLP/RRP), Bet v 1 family member | 17 kDa | Major allergen |
Act d 12 | Cupin, 11S globulin, kiwifruit seed storage protein | 50,207.304 Da (mass spectrometry), six peptide sequences (C0HJF9, to be released upon publication) | Major allergen |
Act d 13 | 2S albumin, kiwifruit seed storage protein | 11,359.6 Da (mass spectrometry), four peptide sequences (C0HJG, to be released upon publication) | Minor allergen |
Author, Year [Reference] | Country | Study Design | Population and Sample Size | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fine et al., 1981 [1] | United States of America | Case report | A 53 y woman | First-reported allergic reaction to kiwifruit. |
Rance et al., 1992 [25] | France | Case report | A 3 y boy and 8 y girl | New emerging allergies (kiwi) in children with systemic manifestations. |
Shimizu et al., 1995 [24] | Japan | Case report | A 12 y boy | A case of anaphylaxis after handling and ingestion of kiwifruit. |
Pastorello et al., 1996 [6] | Italy | Observational study | 30 pts (16–69 y) with OAS to kiwi | Identification and characterization of 11 kiwi allergens. |
Möller et al., 1997 [27] | Germany | Observational study | 29 pts (23–57 y) | Cross-reactivity between allergens found both in kiwifruit and birch pollen. |
Voitenko et al., 1997 [28] | Denmark | Observational study | 9 pts (20–54 y) | Production of a kiwi extract and characterization of cross-reactivity with birch pollen in vitro. |
Möller et al., 1998 [29] | Germany | Observational study | 12 pts (20–58 y) | Cross-reactivity among allergens in latex, avocado, banana, and kiwi. |
Fahlbusch et al., 1998 [30] | Germany | Observational study | 9 pts | Characterization of IgE-binding kiwifruit’s allergen epitopes. |
Gavrovic-Jankulović et al., 2002 [31] | Yugoslavia | Observational study | 7 pts | Isolation and biochemical characterization of Act d 2. |
Lucas et al., 2004 [8] | United Kingdom | Observational study | 273 pts (4 months–71 y) | Clinical differences in children and adults. |
Palacin et al., 2008 [15] | Spain | 92 pts (6–55 y) | High IgE level against Act d 1 and Act d 3 is associated with severe symptomatology. | |
Moreno Álvarez et al., 2015 [9] | Spain | Observational study | 24 pts (3–12 y) | Characterization of main allergens and patterns of recognition in children. |
Visentini et al., 2018 [26] | Italy | Retrospective study | 25 pts (1–14 y) | Primary sensitization to kiwifruit is the most frequent in childhood. |
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Bringheli, I.; Brindisi, G.; Morelli, R.; Marchetti, L.; Cela, L.; Gravina, A.; Pastore, F.; Semeraro, A.; Cinicola, B.; Capponi, M.; et al. Kiwifruit’s Allergy in Children: What Do We Know? Nutrients 2023, 15, 3030. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15133030
Bringheli I, Brindisi G, Morelli R, Marchetti L, Cela L, Gravina A, Pastore F, Semeraro A, Cinicola B, Capponi M, et al. Kiwifruit’s Allergy in Children: What Do We Know? Nutrients. 2023; 15(13):3030. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15133030
Chicago/Turabian StyleBringheli, Ivana, Giulia Brindisi, Rebecca Morelli, Lavinia Marchetti, Ludovica Cela, Alessandro Gravina, Francesca Pastore, Antonio Semeraro, Bianca Cinicola, Martina Capponi, and et al. 2023. "Kiwifruit’s Allergy in Children: What Do We Know?" Nutrients 15, no. 13: 3030. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15133030