Selected Psychosocial Factors, Nutritional Behavior, and the Analysis of Concentrations of Selected Vitamins in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Group
2.2. Research Methodology
2.2.1. Assessment of Selected Psychosocial Factors and Lifestyle Parameters of Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases
2.2.2. Assessment of Eating Behavior in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases
2.2.3. Anthropometric Indicators
2.2.4. Determination of the Lipid Profile
2.2.5. Determination of the Concentration of Selected Vitamins in the Plasma of Patients with CVD Using the Validated UPLC-MS/MS Method
2.2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Patients
3.2. The Prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases
3.3. Analysis of Selected Lifestyle Factors of Stimulants and Physical Activity in the Study Group of Patients
3.3.1. The Current Health and Psychophysical Functioning
3.3.2. The Analysis of the Subjective Emotional States
3.4. Characteristics of Selected Eating Behaviors
4. Discussion
4.1. Anthropometric Parameters
4.2. Socioeconomic Status and Psychosocial Factors
4.3. Biochemical Parameters
Vitamin Concentrations and Lipid Profiles
4.4. Lifestyle Factors
4.5. Food Preferences
4.6. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Female ± SD | Female ± SD | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||||
22 | 36 | 39 | 64 | 0.040 a | |||
Parameter analyzed | Age (years) | 65.0 ± 9.13 | 61.1 ± 3.17 | >0.05 b | |||
Weight (kg) | 83.5 ± 13.6 | 83.0 ± 10.0 | >0.05 b | ||||
Height (m) | 1.70 ± 0.085 | 1.73 ± 0.094 | >0.05 b | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.9 ± 3.23 | 27.6 ± 1.89 | 0.036 b | ||||
Place of residence | Village | 6 | 27 | 9 | 23 | 0.045 b | |
City | 16 | 73 | 30 | 77 | |||
Parameter analyzed | Primary | 3 | 5 | 6 | 10 | >0.05 b | |
Vocational | 6 | 10 | 11 | 18 | |||
Secondary | 3 | 5 | 5 | 8 | |||
Higher | 10 | 16 | 17 | 28 | |||
Number of disease units diagnosed | 1 | 8 | 36 | 13 | 33 | >0.05 b | |
2 | 11 | 50 | 18 | 46 | |||
3 | 3 | 14 | 7 | 18 | |||
4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | |||
Diagnosis | Atherosclerosis | No | 22 | 100 | 31 | 79 | 0.042 c |
Yes | 0 | 0 | 8 | 21 | |||
Arterial hypertension | No | 4 | 18 | 12 | 31 | >0.05 c | |
Yes | 18 | 82 | 27 | 69 | |||
Ischemic heart disease | No | 5 | 23 | 11 | 28 | >0.05 c | |
Yes | 17 | 77 | 28 | 72 | |||
Infarctions of various organs | No | 18 | 82 | 28 | 72 | >0.05 c | |
Yes | 4 | 18 | 11 | 28 | |||
Duration of illness | 2–3 years | 4 | 18 | 16 | 41 | >0.05 d | |
4–5 years | 9 | 41 | 12 | 31 | |||
Over 5 years | 9 | 41 | 11 | 28 |
Parameter Analyzed | Sex | N | M ± SD Me ± IQR # | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
25-OH-D3 [20–50 ng/mL] * | Male | 39 | 22.3 ± 15.2 | >0.05 b |
Female | 22 | 17.5 ± 17.6 | ||
25-OH-D2 [µg /mL] ** # | Male | 39 | 5.80 ± 3.39 | >0.05 b |
Female | 22 | 5.00 ± 1.56 | ||
Retinol [0.3–0.72 µg/mL] * | Male | 39 | 0.43 ± 0.51 | 0.021 b |
Female | 22 | 0.30 ± 0.32 | ||
α-tocopherol [7–16 µg/mL] * | Male | 39 | 2.65 ± 4.65 | >0.05 b |
Female | 22 | 0.50 ± 1.19 | ||
β-carotene [0.5–3 µg/mL] * | Male | 39 | 0.30 ± 0.87 | >0.05 b |
Female | 22 | 0.08 ± 0.35 | ||
TC [130–200 mg/dL] # | Male | 39 | 175 ± 49.4 | >0.05 a |
Female | 22 | 164 ± 32.8 | ||
HDL [>45 mg/dL] * | Male | 39 | 52.2 ± 13.4 | 0.027 a |
Female | 22 | 61.2 ± 16.7 | ||
%HDL [>20%] * | Male | 39 | 31.6 ± 10.0 | 0.016 a |
Female | 22 | 38.2 ± 9.90 | ||
LDL [<135 mg/dL] * | Male | 39 | 95.5 ± 41.1 | >0.05 b |
Female | 22 | 79.8 ± 28.9 | ||
TG [65–150 mg/dL] * # | Male | 39 | 141 ± 112.2 | >0.05 b |
Female | 22 | 103 ± 68.6 | ||
Non-HDL [<120 mg/dL] * # | Male | 39 | 123 ± 49.3 | >0.05 b |
Female | 22 | 115 ± 31.1 |
Parameter Analyzed | Atherosclerosis | N | M ± SD Me ± IQR # | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
25-OH-D3 [20–50 ng/mL] * | No | 53 | 23.2 ± 16.6 | >0.05 a |
Yes | 8 | 19.3 ± 10.9 | ||
25-OH-D2 [µg /mL] ** # | No | 53 | 5.70 ± 2.96 | >0.05 b |
Yes | 8 | 5.78 ± 2.21 | ||
Retinol [0.3–0.72 µg/mL] * | No | 53 | 0.31 ± 0.44 | 0.016 a |
Yes | 8 | 0.59 ± 0.49 | ||
α-tocopherol [7–16 µg/mL] * | No | 53 | 2.14 ± 4.08 | >0.05 a |
Yes | 8 | 1.90 ± 1.56 | ||
β-carotene [0.5–3 µg/mL] * | No | 52 | 0.28 ± 0.78 | >0.05 a |
Yes | 8 | 0.15 ± 0.21 | ||
TC [130–200 mg/dL] # | No | 52 | 165 ± 33.0 | >0.05 b |
Yes | 7 | 159 ± 41.3 | ||
HDL [>45 mg/dL] * | No | 52 | 57.0 ± 15.0 | >0.05 a |
Yes | 7 | 45.0 ± 8.00 | ||
%HDL [>20%] * | No | 52 | 34.5± 10.5 | >0.05 a |
Yes | 7 | 30.9 ± 10.4 | ||
LDL [<135 mg/dL] * | No | 49 | 89.1 ± 38.3 | >0.05 b |
Yes | 7 | 85.0 ± 36.1 | ||
TG [65–150 mg/dL] * # | No | 52 | 100 ± 74.2 | >0.05 b |
Yes | 7 | 148 ± 65.0 | ||
Non-HDL [<120 mg/dL] * # | No | 52 | 100 ± 36.0 | >0.05 b |
Yes | 7 | 121 ± 40.5 |
Parameter Analyzed | Cluster | N | M ± SD Me ± IQR # | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
25-OH-D3 [20–50 ng/mL] * | 1 | 28 | 20.8 ± 12.5 | >0.05 a |
2 | 33 | 24.4 ± 14.2 | ||
25-OH-D2 [µg /mL] ** # | 1 | 28 | 5.00 ± 1.04 | >0.05 b |
2 | 33 | 5.55 ± 2.71 | ||
Retinol [0.3–0.72 µg/mL] * | 1 | 28 | 0.37 ± 0.25 | >0.05 a |
2 | 33 | 0.34 ± 0.24 | ||
α-tocopherol [7–16 µg/mL] * | 1 | 28 | 1.62 ±0.78 | >0.05 a |
2 | 33 | 2.53 ± 1.04 | ||
β-carotene [0.5–3 µg/mL] * | 1 | 28 | 0.16 ± 0.11 | >0.05 a |
2 | 32 | 0.31 ± 0.23 | ||
TC [130–200 mg/dL] # | 1 | 27 | 162 ± 41.0 | >0.05 a |
2 | 32 | 164 ± 39.2 | ||
HDL [>45 mg/dL] * | 1 | 27 | 58.0 ± 17.0 | >0.05 a |
2 | 32 | 53.0 ± 8.00 | ||
%HDL [>20%] * | 1 | 27 | 34.8 ± 10.7 | >0.05 a |
2 | 32 | 33.5 ± 10.3 | ||
LDL [<135 mg/dL] * | 1 | 25 | 88.1 ± 39.5 | >0.05 a |
2 | 31 | 89.0 ± 36.9 | ||
TG [65–150 mg/dL] * # | 1 | 27 | 103 ± 86.4 | >0.05 a |
2 | 32 | 100 ± 88.0 | ||
Non-HDL [<120 mg/dL] * # | 1 | 27 | 162 ± 40.0 | >0.05 a |
2 | 32 | 164 ± 43.5 |
Parameter Analyze | Cluster | N | M ± SD Me ± IQR # | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
25-OH-D3 [20–50 ng/mL] * | 1 | 17 | 19.0 ± 13.3 | >0.05 a |
2 | 44 | 24.2 ± 16.8 | ||
25-OH-D2 [µg /mL] ** # | 1 | 17 | 5.06 ± 1.76 | >0.05 a |
2 | 44 | 5.18 ± 2.01 | ||
Retinol [0.3–0.72 µg/mL] * | 1 | 17 | 0.48 ± 0.39 | >0.05 a |
2 | 44 | 0.31 ± 0.27 | ||
α-tocopherol [7–16 µg/mL] * | 1 | 17 | 1.52 ±1.40 | >0.05 a |
2 | 44 | 2.34 ± 1.89 | ||
β-carotene [0.5–3 µg/mL] * | 1 | 17 | 0.17 ± 0.15 | >0.05 a |
2 | 43 | 0.33 ± 0.29 | ||
TC [130–200 mg/dL] # | 1 | 17 | 183 ± 41.5 | >0.05 b |
2 | 42 | 161 ± 39.6 | ||
HDL [>45 mg/dL] * | 1 | 17 | 53.0 ± 12.0 | >0.05 b |
2 | 42 | 57.0 ± 16.0 | ||
%HDL [>20%] * | 1 | 17 | 29.5 ± 9.56 | 0.032 a |
2 | 42 | 35.9 ± 10.3 | ||
LDL [<135 mg/dL] * | 1 | 16 | 105 ± 41.6 | 0.044 b |
2 | 40 | 82.0 ± 34.5 | ||
TG [65–150 mg/dL] * # | 1 | 17 | 138 ± 98,4 | >0.05 b |
2 | 42 | 94.0 ± 77.0 | ||
Non-HDL [<120 mg/dL] * # | 1 | 17 | 131 ± 41.3 | 0.019 b |
2 | 42 | 97.0 ± 41.7 |
Parameter Analyzed | Cluster | N | M ± SD Me ± IQR # | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
25-OH-D3 [20–50 ng/mL] * | 1 | 26 | 24.2 ± 18.2 | >0.05 a |
2 | 35 | 21.7 ± 14.3 | ||
25-OH-D2 [µg /mL] ** # | 1 | 26 | 5.00 ± 2.11 | >0.05 a |
2 | 35 | 5.00 ± 3.25 | ||
Retinol [0.3–0.72 µg/mL] * | 1 | 26 | 0.28 ± 0.35 | >0.05 a |
2 | 35 | 0.40 ± 0.53 | ||
α-tocopherol [7–16 µg/mL] * | 1 | 26 | 2.76 ±1.57 | >0.05 a |
2 | 35 | 1.63 ± 1.52 | ||
β-carotene [0.5–3 µg/mL] * | 1 | 26 | 0.19 ± 0.11 | >0.05 a |
2 | 34 | 0.30 ± 0.22 | ||
TC [130–200 mg/dL] # | 1 | 26 | 170 ± 41.6 | >0.05 b |
2 | 33 | 156 ± 34.0 | ||
HDL [>45 mg/dL] * | 1 | 26 | 55.0 ± 15.0 | >0.05 b |
2 | 33 | 56.0 ± 15.0 | ||
%HDL [>20%] * | 1 | 26 | 32.6 ± 11.0 | >0.05 b |
2 | 33 | 35.3 ± 9.92 | ||
LDL [<135 mg/dL] * | 1 | 25 | 93.6 ± 36.4 | >0.05 a |
2 | 31 | 84.6 ± 39.0 | ||
TG [65–150 mg/dL] * # | 1 | 26 | 103 ± 92.1 | >0.05 a |
2 | 33 | 98.0 ± 86.4 | ||
Non-HDL [<120 mg/dL] * # | 1 | 26 | 170 ± 41.3 | >0.05 b |
2 | 33 | 156 ± 42.8 |
Foods | Preferences * | Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | p-Value a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % N | N | % N | |||
26 | 42.6 | 35 | 57.4 | |||
Meat and meat products | I don’t like | 1 | 1.64 | 0 | 0.00 | >0.05 |
I don’t care | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 1.64 | ||
I like | 15 | 24.6 | 14 | 23.0 | ||
I like it a lot | 10 | 16.4 | 20 | 32.8 | ||
Milk and dairy products | I don’t like | 0 | 0.00 | 2 | 3.3 | >0.05 |
I don’t care | 1 | 1.64 | 1 | 1.64 | ||
I like | 14 | 23.0 | 9 | 14.8 | ||
I like it a lot | 11 | 18.0 | 23 | 37.7 | ||
Fish | I don’t like | 3 | 4.92 | 1 | 1.64 | <0.001 |
I don’t care | 6 | 9.84 | 2 | 3.28 | ||
I like | 15 | 24.6 | 17 | 27.9 | ||
I like it a lot | 2 | 3.28 | 15 | 24.6 | ||
Eggs | I don’t like | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.025 |
I don’t care | 2 | 3.28 | 2 | 3.28 | ||
I like | 18 | 29.5 | 14 | 23.0 | ||
I like it a lot | 6 | 9.84 | 19 | 31.2 | ||
White Bread | I don’t like | 1 | 1.64 | 6 | 9.84 | <0.001 |
I don’t care | 1 | 1.64 | 3 | 4.92 | ||
I like | 22 | 36.1 | 17 | 27.9 | ||
I like it a lot | 2 | 3.28 | 9 | 14.8 | ||
Brown bread | I don’t like | 1 | 1.64 | 0 | 0.00 | <0.05 |
I don’t care | 13 | 21.3 | 3 | 4.92 | ||
I like | 10 | 16.4 | 16 | 26.2 | ||
I like it a lot | 19 | 31.2 | 16 | 26.2 | ||
Noodles | I don’t like | 1 | 1.64 | 2 | 3.28 | >0.05 |
I don’t care | 12 | 19.7 | 10 | 16.4 | ||
I like | 13 | 21.3 | 19 | 31.2 | ||
I like it a lot | 0 | 0.00 | 4 | 6.56 | ||
Groats | I don’t like | 9 | 14.8 | 1 | 1.64 | <0.001 |
I don’t care | 16 | 26.2 | 2 | 3.28 | ||
I like | 1 | 1.64 | 25 | 41.0 | ||
I like it a lot | 0 | 0.00 | 7 | 11.5 | ||
Legumes | I don’t like | 8 | 13.1 | 1 | 1.64 | 0.003 |
I don’t care | 16 | 26.2 | 8 | 13.1 | ||
I like | 2 | 3.28 | 23 | 37.7 | ||
I like it a lot | 0 | 0.00 | 3 | 4.92 | ||
Vegetables | I don’t like | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | <0.001 |
I don’t care | 1 | 1.64 | 1 | 1.64 | ||
I like | 22 | 36.1 | 16 | 26.2 | ||
I like it a lot | 3 | 4.92 | 18 | 29.5 | ||
Fruits | I don’t like | 0 | 0.00 | 2 | 3.28 | 0.001 |
I don’t care | 2 | 3.28 | 1 | 1.64 | ||
I like | 21 | 34.4 | 14 | 23.0 | ||
I like it a lot | 3 | 4.92 | 18 | 29.5 |
Parameter Analyzed | Cluster | N | M ± SD Me ± IQR # | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
25-OH-D3 [20–50 ng/mL] * | 1 | 26 | 23.2 ± 18.8 | >0.05 a |
2 | 35 | 22.4 ± 13.8 | ||
25-OH-D2 [µg /mL] ** # | 1 | 26 | 5.00 ± 1.34 | >0.05 a |
2 | 35 | 5.00 ± 1.07 | ||
Retinol [0.3–0.72 µg/mL] * | 1 | 26 | 0.24 ± 0.36 | >0.05 a |
2 | 35 | 0.43 ± 0.39 | ||
α-tocopherol [7–16 µg/mL] * | 1 | 26 | 1.47 ±1.32 | >0.05 a |
2 | 35 | 2.59 ± 1.54 | ||
β-carotene [0.5–3 µg/mL] * | 1 | 26 | 0.24 ± 0.14 | 0.034 a |
2 | 34 | 0.28 ± 0.21 | ||
TC [130–200 mg/dL] # | 1 | 26 | 161 ± 41.0 | >0.05 b |
2 | 33 | 168 ± 47.2 | ||
HDL [>45 mg/dL] * | 1 | 26 | 60.0 ± 16.0 | >0.05 b |
2 | 33 | 52.0 ± 14.0 | ||
%HDL [>20%] * | 1 | 26 | 37.6 ± 10.6 | 0.041 b |
2 | 33 | 31.3 ± 9.60 | ||
LDL [<135 mg/dL] * | 1 | 25 | 83.0 ± 31.5 | >0.05 c |
2 | 31 | 93.1 ± 42.1 | ||
TG [65–150 mg/dL] * # | 1 | 26 | 86.0 ± 41.0 | >0.05 c |
2 | 33 | 117 ± 73.9 | ||
Non-HDL [<120 mg/dL] * # | 1 | 26 | 102 ± 34.1 | >0.05 c |
2 | 33 | 105 ± 32.6 |
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Główka, A.K.; Kowalówka, M.; Burchardt, P.; Komosa, A.; Kruszyna, Ł.; Andrusiewicz, M.; Przysławski, J.; Karaźniewicz-Łada, M. Selected Psychosocial Factors, Nutritional Behavior, and the Analysis of Concentrations of Selected Vitamins in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients 2024, 16, 1866. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121866
Główka AK, Kowalówka M, Burchardt P, Komosa A, Kruszyna Ł, Andrusiewicz M, Przysławski J, Karaźniewicz-Łada M. Selected Psychosocial Factors, Nutritional Behavior, and the Analysis of Concentrations of Selected Vitamins in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients. 2024; 16(12):1866. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121866
Chicago/Turabian StyleGłówka, Anna Krystyna, Magdalena Kowalówka, Paweł Burchardt, Anna Komosa, Łukasz Kruszyna, Mirosław Andrusiewicz, Juliusz Przysławski, and Marta Karaźniewicz-Łada. 2024. "Selected Psychosocial Factors, Nutritional Behavior, and the Analysis of Concentrations of Selected Vitamins in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases" Nutrients 16, no. 12: 1866. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121866
APA StyleGłówka, A. K., Kowalówka, M., Burchardt, P., Komosa, A., Kruszyna, Ł., Andrusiewicz, M., Przysławski, J., & Karaźniewicz-Łada, M. (2024). Selected Psychosocial Factors, Nutritional Behavior, and the Analysis of Concentrations of Selected Vitamins in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients, 16(12), 1866. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121866