Analysis of Human Milk Microbiota in Northern Greece by Comparative 16S rRNA Sequencing vs. Local Dairy Animals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Milk Sample Collection
2.2. DNA Extraction, Library Preparation, and 16S RNA Ion Torrent Sequencing
2.3. Bioinformatics and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics and 16S rRNA Sequencing Data Description
3.2. Diversity of Bacterial Communities
3.3. Microbial Community Composition in Milk Samples
3.4. Core Milk Microbiome of Bovine, Goat, and Human Milk
3.5. Differential Abundance Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Individual ID | Sample ID | Day of Collection | Stage of Lactation | Species | Living Area | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(A) Human Breast Milk Samples | ||||||
H1 | H1-A | 3 | Colostrum | Human | Thrace | |
H1 | H1-B | 30–40 | Mature | Human | Thrace | |
H2 | H2-A | 3 | Colostrum | Human | Thrace | |
H2 | H2-B | 30–40 | Mature | Human | Thrace | |
H3 | H3-A | 3 | Colostrum | Human | Thrace | |
H3 | H3-B | 30–40 | Mature | Human | Thrace | |
H4 | H4-A | 3 | Colostrum | Human | Thrace | |
H4 | H4-B | 30–40 | Mature | Human | Thrace | |
H5 | H5-A | 3 | Colostrum | Human | Thrace | |
H5 | H5-B | 30–40 | Mature | Human | Thrace | |
(B) Animal Milk Samples | ||||||
C1 | C1 | 50–70 | Mature | Bovine | Dairy Industry | |
C2 | C2 | 50–70 | Mature | Bovine | Dairy Industry | |
C3 | C3 | 50–70 | Mature | Bovine | Dairy Industry | |
C4 | C4 | 50–70 | Mature | Bovine | Dairy Industry | |
C5 | C5 | 50–70 | Mature | Bovine | Dairy Industry | |
G1 | G1 | 50–70 | Mature | Goat | Dairy Industry | |
G2 | G2 | 50–70 | Mature | Goat | Dairy Industry | |
G3 | G3 | 50–70 | Mature | Goat | Dairy Industry | |
G4 | G4 | 50–70 | Mature | Goat | Dairy Industry | |
G5 | G5 | 50–70 | Mature | Goat | Dairy Industry |
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Tsifintaris, M.; Sitmalidis, M.; Tokamani, M.; Anastasiadi, C.; Georganta, M.; Tsochantaridis, I.; Vlachakis, D.; Tsikouras, P.; Nikolettos, N.; Chrousos, G.P.; et al. Analysis of Human Milk Microbiota in Northern Greece by Comparative 16S rRNA Sequencing vs. Local Dairy Animals. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2175. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142175
Tsifintaris M, Sitmalidis M, Tokamani M, Anastasiadi C, Georganta M, Tsochantaridis I, Vlachakis D, Tsikouras P, Nikolettos N, Chrousos GP, et al. Analysis of Human Milk Microbiota in Northern Greece by Comparative 16S rRNA Sequencing vs. Local Dairy Animals. Nutrients. 2024; 16(14):2175. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142175
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsifintaris, Margaritis, Michail Sitmalidis, Maria Tokamani, Christina Anastasiadi, Maria Georganta, Ilias Tsochantaridis, Dimitrios Vlachakis, Panagiotis Tsikouras, Nikolaos Nikolettos, George P. Chrousos, and et al. 2024. "Analysis of Human Milk Microbiota in Northern Greece by Comparative 16S rRNA Sequencing vs. Local Dairy Animals" Nutrients 16, no. 14: 2175. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142175