Is Maternal Selenium Status Associated with Pregnancy Outcomes in Physiological and Complicated Pregnancy?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Blood Samples
2.4. Biochemical Measurements
Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX)
2.5. Selenium Intake
2.6. Serum Selenium Determination
2.7. Pregnancy Outcome Data
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Baseline Characteristics (Table 1 and Table 2)
3.2. Selenium Status during Gestation (Table 3)
T I n = 27 | T II n = 27 | T III n = 27 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Se intake [µg/day] | 56.30 (37.42–58.97) | 58.31 (43.24–73.95) | 55.60 (41.54–62.99) | NS |
Se intake [µg/1000 kcal] | 26.05 (21.00–31.71) | 30.49 (20.71–34.43) | 24.71 (20.76–31.10) | NS |
Se serum [µg/L] | 43.98 (39.05–48.05) | 41.97 (33.22–49.56) | 41.90 (37.7–48.14) | NS |
GPX [U/L] | 217 (200–242) | 233 (207–257) | 231 (195–255) | NS |
3.3. Mean Values of Neonatal Outcome Measurements and Selenium Status in Normal and Complicated Pregnancy (Table 4)
Physiological Pregnancy n = 12 | Pregnancy Complications n = 15 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Se intake [µg/day] | 55.57 (41.15–59.86) | 55.60 (41.54–62.99) | NS |
Se intake [µg/1000 kcal] | 25.26 (22.02–31.42) | 25.98 (20.71–35.11) | NS |
Se serum [µg/L] | 43.97 (40.76–49.80) | 40.19 (34.84–46.54) | 0.029 |
GPX [U/L] | 226 (199–233) | 234 (209–260) | NS |
Body length [cm] | 53 (52–55) | 54 (52–54) | NS |
Chest circumference [cm] | 33 (32–34) | 34 (33–34) | NS |
Head circumference [cm] | 33 (31.5–34) | 34 (33–34) | NS |
Birth weight [g] | 3355 (2815–3765) | 3500 (3350–3600) | NS |
APGAR score at 1 min | 10 (9.5–10) | 10 (9–10) | NS |
APGAR score at 5 min | 10 (10–10) | 10 (10–10) | NS |
Gestational age at birth [weeks] | 39 (37.5–39.5) | 40 (40–41) | 0.005 |
3.4. Correlations Observed between Selenium Status Parameters and Neonatal Outcome Measurements during Normal and Complicated Pregnancy (Table 5)
Correlations | T I | T II | T III | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R | p-Value | R | p-Value | R | p-Value | |
Physiological pregnancy | ||||||
Se intake vs. body length | 0.481 | 0.019 | 0.090 | 0.748 | 0.047 | 0.884 |
Se intake vs. birth weight | 0.472 | 0.022 | 0.017 | 0.949 | 0.316 | 0.315 |
Se intake vs. chest circumference | 0.379 | 0.074 | −0.060 | 0.830 | −0.071 | 0.825 |
Se intake vs. head circumference | 0.247 | 0.255 | −0.247 | 0.374 | 0.111 | 0.730 |
Se intake vs. APGAR score at 1 min. | 0.090 | 0.680 | 0.680 | 0.005 | 0.658 | 0.019 |
Se intake vs. APGAR score at 5 min. | 0.119 | 0.586 | 0.551 | 0.033 | 0.573 | 0.051 |
Se intake vs. gestational age | 0.093 | 0.671 | −0.153 | 0.584 | −0.279 | 0.379 |
Se intake/1000 kcal vs. body length | 0.500 | 0.015 | 0.014 | 0.963 | −0.075 | 0.815 |
Se intake/1000 kcal vs. birth weight | 0.382 | 0.071 | 0.043 | 0.886 | 0.272 | 0.391 |
Se intake/1000 kcal vs. chest circumference | 0.550 | 0.006 | 0.014 | 0.963 | −0.060 | 0.852 |
Se intake/1000 kcal vs. head circumference | 0.372 | 0.079 | −0.353 | 0.235 | 0.169 | 0.598 |
Se intake/1000 kcal vs. APGAR score at 1 min. | −0.321 | 0.135 | 0.301 | 0.316 | 0.685 | 0.013 |
Se intake/1000 kcal vs. APGAR score at 5 min. | −0.368 | 0.083 | 0.231 | 0.446 | 0.499 | 0.097 |
Se intake/1000 kcal vs. gestational age | 0.466 | 0.024 | −0.205 | 0.501 | −0.212 | 0.507 |
Se serum vs. body length | 0.046 | 0.832 | −0.064 | 0.819 | 0.285 | 0.367 |
Se serum vs. birth weight | 0.033 | 0.878 | 0.078 | 0.779 | 0.239 | 0.453 |
Se serum vs. chest circumference | −0.018 | 0.931 | −0.027 | 0.922 | 0.203 | 0.524 |
Se serum vs. head circumference | 0.216 | 0.321 | −0.122 | 0.663 | 0.200 | 0.532 |
Se serum vs. APGAR score at 1 min. | 0.150 | 0.494 | 0.212 | 0.447 | 0.496 | 0.100 |
Se serum vs. APGAR score at 5 min. | 0.122 | 0.578 | −0.133 | 0.635 | 0.286 | 0.365 |
Se serum vs. gestational age | −0.108 | 0.622 | −0.035 | 0.900 | −0.213 | 0.504 |
GPX vs. body length | 0.318 | 0.138 | 0.243 | 0.381 | 0.231 | 0.469 |
GPX vs. birth weight | 0.155 | 0.478 | 0.334 | 0.222 | 0.598 | 0.039 |
GPX vs. chest circumference | −0.008 | 0.970 | −0.022 | 0.936 | 0.225 | 0.481 |
GPX vs. head circumference | 0.212 | 0.329 | 0.173 | 0.537 | 0.155 | 0.628 |
GPX vs. APGAR score at 1 min. | 0.132 | 0.545 | 0.650 | 0.008 | 0.055 | 0.863 |
GPX vs. APGAR score at 5 min. | −0.033 | 0.880 | 0.497 | 0.058 | −0.108 | 0.737 |
GPX vs. gestational age | −0.182 | 0.404 | −0.116 | 0.679 | 0.025 | 0.937 |
Complicated pregnancy | ||||||
Se intake vs. body length | x | x | −0.281 | 0.375 | −0.133 | 0.634 |
Se intake vs. birth weight | x | x | −0.394 | 0.204 | −0.322 | 0.240 |
Se intake vs. chest circumference | x | x | −0.400 | 0.197 | −0.134 | 0.633 |
Se intake vs. head circumference | x | x | −0.102 | 0.752 | −0.168 | 0.548 |
Se intake vs. APGAR score at 1 min. | x | x | −0.142 | 0.658 | 0.142 | 0.611 |
Se intake vs. APGAR score at 5 min. | x | x | −0.091 | 0.777 | −0.012 | 0.965 |
Se intake vs. gestational age | x | x | −0.618 | 0.032 | −0.083 | 0.766 |
Se intake/1000 kcal vs. body length | x | x | −0.337 | 0.259 | −0.135 | 0.630 |
Se intake/1000 kcal vs. birth weight | x | x | −0.381 | 0.198 | −0.458 | 0.085 |
Se intake/1000 kcal vs. chest circumference | x | x | −0.252 | 0.405 | −0.231 | 0.407 |
Se intake/1000 kcal vs. head circumference | x | x | −0.121 | 0.691 | −0.060 | 0.830 |
0Se intake/1000 kcal vs. APGAR score at 1 min. | x | x | −0.178 | 0.558 | −0.124 | 0.658 |
Se intake/1000 kcal vs. APGAR score at 5 min. | x | x | −0.069 | 0.820 | −0.060 | 0.830 |
Se intake/1000 kcal vs. gestational age | x | x | −0.531 | 0.061 | −0.218 | 0.433 |
Se serum vs. body length | x | x | 0.060 | 0.851 | −0.045 | 0.871 |
Se serum vs. birth weight | x | x | 0.309 | 0.327 | 0.039 | 0.889 |
Se serum vs. chest circumference | x | x | 0.392 | 0.206 | 0.272 | 0.326 |
Se serum vs. head circumference | x | x | 0.510 | 0.089 | 0.587 | 0.021 |
Se serum vs. APGAR score at 1 min. | x | x | 0.046 | 0.887 | −0.096 | 0.731 |
Se serum vs. APGAR score at 5 min. | x | x | 0.252 | 0.428 | 0.211 | 0.449 |
Se serum vs. gestational age | x | x | 0.058 | 0.857 | 0.142 | 0.612 |
GPX vs. body length | x | x | 0.068 | 0.833 | 0.004 | 0.987 |
GPX vs. birth weight | x | x | −0.078 | 0.809 | −0.053 | 0.848 |
GPX vs. chest circumference | x | x | 0.056 | 0.861 | 0.051 | 0.855 |
GPX vs. head circumference | x | x | 0.051 | 0.873 | 0.225 | 0.418 |
GPX vs. APGAR score at 1 min. | x | x | −0.194 | 0.544 | −0.108 | 0.700 |
GPX vs. APGAR score at 5 min. | x | x | −0.092 | 0.776 | −0.145 | 0.606 |
GPX vs. gestational age | x | x | 0.066 | 0.837 | 0.395 | 0.144 |
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BMI | Body Mass Index |
DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
FFQ | food frequency questionnaire |
fT3 | free triiodothyronine |
fT4 | free thyroxine |
GPX | glutathione peroxidase |
IGF | insulin-like growth factor |
NADPH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
Se | selenium |
TH | thyroid hormones |
TPOAb | thyroid peroxidase antibody |
TSH | thyroid stimulating Hormone |
TT4 | total thyroxine |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Demographics | T I | T II | T III |
---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy complications n (% of group) | |||
No | 23 (85.2%) | 15 (55.6%) | 12 (44.4%) |
Yes | 4 (14.8%) | 12 (44.4%) | 15 (55.6%) |
Hypothyroidism * | 2 (7.4%) | 4 (14.8%) | 5 (18.5%) |
Gestational diabetes mellitus ** | 1 (3.7%) | 1 (3.7%) | 3 (11.1%) |
Urinary tract infections *** | 1 (3.7%) | 5 (18.5%) | 3 (11.1%) |
Anemia **** | - | 2 (7.4%) | 4 (14.8%) |
Pregnancy (weeks) Median (Q1–Q3) | 11 (9–12) | 21 (17–23) | 34 (29–36) |
Weight gain (kg) Median (Q1–Q3) | 2.64 (1.87–2.73) | 6.18 (4.48–7.67) | 5.58 (4.12–6.83) |
Physical activity | |||
Sedentary | 23 (85.2%) | 19 (70.4) | 26 (69.3%) |
Moderately active | 4 (14.8%) | 8 (29.6%) | 1 (3.7%) |
Vigorously active | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Physiological Pregnancy n = 12 | Pregnancy Complications n = 15 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean age (year) | 30.0 ± 4.78 | 29.93 ± 4.95 | 0.314 |
Delivery n (% of group) | |||
Term delivery | 12 (100%) | 14 (93.3%) | 1.000 |
Preterm delivery | 0 (0%) | 1 (6.7%) | |
Mode of delivery n (% of group) | |||
Cesarean delivery | 5 (42%) | 2 (13%) | 0.219 |
Vaginal delivery | 7 (58%) | 13 (87%) | |
Birth weight | |||
<2500 g | 2 (16.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0.188 |
>2500 g | 10 (83.3%) | 15 (100%) | |
Education n (% of group) | |||
Elementary school | 1 (8.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.700 |
High school | 0 (0%) | 1 (6.7%) | |
Academic | 11 (91.7%) | 14 (93.3%) | |
Place of residence n (% of group) | |||
Urban | 12 (100%) | 14 (93.3%) | 1.000 |
Rural | 0 (0%) | 1 (6.7%) | |
Smoking cigarettes n (% of group) | 1.000 | ||
Current smoker | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
Quit smoking | 3 (25%) | 3 (20%) | |
Never smoked | 9 (75%) | 12 (80%) | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI n (% of group) | |||
BMI < 18.5 | 1(8.3%) | 2 (13.3%) | 0.034 |
BMI 18.6–24.9 | 11(91.7%) | 8 (53.4%) | |
BMI > 25 | 0 (0%) | 5 (33.3%) | |
Prenatal vitamin/mineral intake n (% of group) | |||
Vitamin/mineral supplements without Se | 10 (83.3%) | 9 (60%) | 0.236 |
Vitamin/mineral supplements with Se | 2 (16.7%) | 6 (40%) |
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Pieczyńska, J.; Płaczkowska, S.; Sozański, R.; Grajeta, H. Is Maternal Selenium Status Associated with Pregnancy Outcomes in Physiological and Complicated Pregnancy? Nutrients 2024, 16, 2873. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172873
Pieczyńska J, Płaczkowska S, Sozański R, Grajeta H. Is Maternal Selenium Status Associated with Pregnancy Outcomes in Physiological and Complicated Pregnancy? Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2873. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172873
Chicago/Turabian StylePieczyńska, Joanna, Sylwia Płaczkowska, Rafał Sozański, and Halina Grajeta. 2024. "Is Maternal Selenium Status Associated with Pregnancy Outcomes in Physiological and Complicated Pregnancy?" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2873. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172873