Irruption of Network Analysis to Explain Dietary, Psychological and Nutritional Patterns and Metabolic Health Status in Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Overweight and Obese University Students: Ecuadorian Case
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Data Acquisition
2.3.1. Anthropometry
2.3.2. Socioeconomic Variables
2.3.3. Assessment of Dietary Intake
2.3.4. Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
2.3.5. Psychological Pattern
2.3.6. Level of Physical Activity
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variable | Code |
---|---|
Age | C1 |
Sex at Birth | C2 |
Marital Status | C3 |
Academic Unit | C4 |
Mayor | C5 |
Study Schedule | C6 |
Socioeconomic Status | C7 |
Depression Level Categorization | C8 |
Anxiety Level Categorization | C9 |
Stress Level Categorization | C10 |
Physical Activity Level | C11 |
Weight | C12 |
Height | C13 |
Nutritional Status | C14 |
Waist Circumference | C15 |
Systolic Blood Pressure | C16 |
Diastolic Blood Pressure | C17 |
Glucose | C18 |
Insulin | C19 |
Cholesterol | C20 |
Triglycerides | C21 |
HDL | C22 |
HOMA | C23 |
MUO and MHO Categorization | C24 |
BMI (Body Mass Index) | C25 |
Blood Pressure Categorization | C26 |
Waist Circumference Categorization | C27 |
MUO and MHO Categorization 2 by HOMA | C28 |
Kcal/day | C29 |
Cholesterol | C30 |
Fiber | C31 |
Proteins | C32 |
Carbohydrates | C33 |
Fats | C34 |
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids | C35 |
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids | C36 |
Saturated Fatty Acids | C37 |
Water | C38 |
Vitamin A | C39 |
Vitamin D | C45 |
Vitamin E | C46 |
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) | C40 |
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) | C41 |
Niacin (Vitamin B3) | C47 |
Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) | C48 |
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) | C42 |
Biotin (Vitamin B8) | C49 |
Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) | C50 |
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) | C43 |
Vitamin C | C44 |
Sodium | C51 |
Potassium | C52 |
Calcium | C53 |
Phosphorus | C54 |
Magnesium | C55 |
Iron | C56 |
Zinc | C57 |
Iodine | C58 |
Copper | C59 |
Chlorine | C60 |
Manganese | C61 |
Selenium | C62 |
Depression score | C63 |
Stress score | C64 |
Anxiety score | C65 |
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Shapiro-Wilk | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Median | DE | Minimum | Maximum | W | p |
Age | 21.00 | 2.51 | 18 | 28 | 0.906 | <0.001 |
Anthropometric | ||||||
Weight (kg) | 74.80 | 11.14 | 52.5 | 113.50 | 0.967 | <0.001 |
Height (m) | 1.63 | 0.09 | 1.41 | 1.88 | 0.991 | 0.194 |
IMC | 27.60 | 2.76 | 25.1 | 42.30 | 0.852 | <0.001 |
Cardiometabolic risk factors | ||||||
Waist circumference (cm) | 90.00 | 7.53 | 76 | 112 | 0.967 | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 120.00 | 8.54 | 90 | 139 | 0.854 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 80.00 | 6.45 | 60 | 100 | 0.754 | <0.001 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 95.86 | 10.77 | 75.31 | 130.10 | 0.804 | <0.001 |
Insulin (U/mL) | 10.41 | 2.76 | 2.4 | 22.62 | 0.999 | <0.001 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 195.73 | 55.41 | 93.87 | 456.24 | 0.888 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 157.24 | 50.72 | 52 | 385.44 | 0.882 | <0.001 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 44.25 | 3.10 | 40 | 53.19 | 0.958 | <0.001 |
HOMA | 2.46 | 0.74 | 0.57 | 5.20 | 0.971 | <0.001 |
Intake pattern | ||||||
Kcal/día | 2249.94 | 239.80 | 1687 | 2956.57 | 0.961 | <0.001 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 355.99 | 101.63 | 139.62 | 733.81 | 0.945 | <0.001 |
Fiber (g) | 21.24 | 6.25 | 7.58 | 35.36 | 0.989 | 0.067 |
Proteins(g) | 72.41 | 19.48 | 25 | 139.20 | 0.986 | 0.021 |
Carbohydrates (g) | 297.75 | 49.29 | 165.51 | 448.40 | 0.984 | 0.011 |
Fats (g) | 87.05 | 12.53 | 60.07 | 131.64 | 0.972 | <0.001 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (g) | 40.99 | 12.01 | 9.46 | 78.38 | 0.935 | <0.001 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g) | 8.80 | 4.12 | 1.01 | 49.69 | 0.655 | <0.001 |
Saturated fatty acids (g) | 29.75 | 9.57 | 12.85 | 54.61 | 0.963 | <0.001 |
Water (mL) | 1493.89 | 262.60 | 857.88 | 1994.96 | 0.983 | 0.006 |
Vitamin A (μg) | 633.29 | 367.14 | 222.56 | 3961.87 | 0.645 | <0.001 |
Vitamin D (μg) | 2.15 | 0.73 | 0 | 529.50 | 0.069 | <0.001 |
Vitamin E (mg) | 9.84 | 0.80 | 2.06 | 53.33 | 0.664 | <0.001 |
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) (mg) | 1.19 | 0.90 | 0.45 | 6.01 | 0.702 | <0.001 |
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) (mg) | 1.87 | 8.02 | 0.64 | 8.02 | 0.591 | <0.001 |
Niacin (Vitamin B3) (mg) | 18.27 | 94.89 | 5.88 | 39.61 | 0.964 | <0.001 |
Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) (mg) | 3.95 | 34.85 | 1.31 | 9.51 | 0.911 | <0.001 |
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) (mg) | 1.58 | 5.98 | 0.71 | 8.41 | 0.604 | <0.001 |
Biotin (Vitamin B8) (μg) | 3.57 | 6.74 | 0.05 | 9.69 | 0.987 | 0.030 |
Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) (μg) | 302.54 | 1.69 | 78.69 | 670.29 | 0.959 | <0.001 |
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) (μg) | 13.08 | 1.67 | 1.73 | 42.05 | 0.900 | <0.001 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 151.04 | 98.94 | 12.45 | 403.44 | 0.944 | <0.001 |
Sodium (mg) | 7099.66 | 2332.11 | 861.56 | 14,663.46 | 0.978 | 0.001 |
Potassium (mg) | 3362.47 | 1132.61 | 1285.65 | 8695.05 | 0.936 | <0.001 |
Calcium (mg) | 1234.77 | 359.12 | 550.51 | 3872.18 | 0.897 | <0.001 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1451.23 | 376.28 | 546.80 | 2918.23 | 0.971 | <0.001 |
Magnesium (mg) | 384.68 | 119.86 | 168.47 | 1115.64 | 0.931 | <0.001 |
Iron (mg) | 15.40 | 6.54 | 4.45 | 103.20 | 0.381 | <0.001 |
Zinc (mg) | 9.46 | 3.09 | 2.62 | 20.17 | 0.984 | 0.009 |
Iodine (μg) | 144.19 | 1093.68 | 32.72 | 16,698 | 0.060 | <0.001 |
Copper (mg) | 1.02 | 0.40 | 0.18 | 2.74 | 0.957 | <0.001 |
Chlorine (mg) | 1810.66 | 1835.37 | 408.88 | 9127.22 | 0.648 | <0.001 |
Manganese (mg) | 2.76 | 1.68 | 0.33 | 6.96 | 0.902 | <0.001 |
Selenium (μg) | 55.78 | 517.56 | 29.90 | 5666 | 0.079 | <0.001 |
Psychological Pattern | ||||||
Depression score | 5.00 | 1.27 | 5 | 11 | 0.758 | <0.001 |
Stress score | 11.00 | 2.87 | 8 | 17 | 0.872 | <0.001 |
Anxiety score | 5.00 | 1.63 | 4 | 9 | 0.809 | <0.001 |
Variable | MHO N = 66 (29%) | MUO N = 164 (71%) | p-Value | q-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 20.00 (19.00, 22.00) | 21.00 (19.00, 23.00) | 0.25 | 0.40 |
Weight (kg) | 72 (63, 78) | 76 (68, 83) | 0.003 * | 0.012 |
Height (m) | 1.64 (1.55, 1.68) | 1.62 (1.56, 1.69) | 0.91 | 0.93 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 86 (82, 91) | 90 (86, 96) | <0.001 * | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | <0.001 * | <0.001 | ||
4 (6.1%) | 0 (0%) | |||
1 (1.5%) | 0 (0%) | |||
26 (39%) | 60 (37%) | |||
35 (53%) | 50 (30%) | |||
0 (0%) | 7 (4.3%) | |||
0 (0%) | 46 (28%) | |||
0 (0%) | 1 (0.6%) | |||
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 0.004 * | 0.014 | ||
7 (11%) | 1 (0.6%) | |||
24 (36%) | 61 (37%) | |||
35 (53%) | 96 (59%) | |||
0 (0%) | 3 (1.8%) | |||
0 (0%) | 3 (1.8%) | |||
Glucose (mg/dL) | 93 (90, 96) | 97 (93, 104) | <0.001 * | <0.001 |
Insulin (U/mL) | 9.78 (8.70, 10.40) | 10.64 (10.21, 11.46) | <0.001 * | <0.001 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 155 (142, 172) | 208 (186, 230) | <0.001 * | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 101 (90, 112) | 162 (156, 175) | <0.001 * | <0.001 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 47.09 (44.78, 49.16) | 43.73 (40.93, 45.35) | <0.001 * | <0.001 |
HOMA | 2.24 (1.94, 2.42) | 2.53 (2.30, 3.14) | <0.001 * | <0.001 |
IMC | 26.65 (25.90, 27.58) | 28.20 (26.78, 30.47) | <0.001 * | <0.001 |
Kcal/día | 2.258 (2.165, 2.318) | 2.238 (2.104, 2.447) | 0.81 | 0.90 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 336 (285, 399) | 369 (317, 432) | 0.014 | 0.038 |
Fiber (g) | 23 (20, 29) | 21 (17, 25) | 0.006 | 0.017 |
Proteins (g) | 69 (55, 82) | 74 (62, 85) | 0.078 | 0.17 |
Carbohydrates (g) | 298 (270, 325) | 297 (265, 330) | 0.83 | 0.90 |
Fats (g) | 88 (85, 94) | 86 (79, 96) | 0.17 | 0.30 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (g) | 42 (39, 47) | 40 (35, 45) | 0.035 | 0.091 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g) | 8.86 (7.20, 9.88) | 8.77 (7.49, 10.17) | 0.51 | 0.66 |
Saturated fatty acids (g) | 27 (22, 37) | 30 (24, 39) | 0.15 | 0.29 |
Water (mL) | 1.551 (1.299, 1.738) | 1.475 (1.267, 1.667) | 0.060 | 0.15 |
Vitamin A (μg) | 657 (500, 870) | 612 (502, 881) | 0.45 | 0.61 |
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) (mg) | 1.13 (0.99, 1.42) | 1.22 (1.02, 1.71) | 0.073 | 0.16 |
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) (mg) | 1.88 (1.66, 2.06) | 1.87 (1.65, 2.10) | 0.72 | 0.87 |
Pyridoxine (VitaminaB6) (mg) | 1.56 (1.36, 1.76) | 1.60 (1.41, 2.02) | 0.36 | 0.51 |
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) (μg) | 15 (3, 20) | 13 (4, 19) | 0.78 | 0.90 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 152 (80, 213) | 151 (94, 227) | 0.26 | 0.40 |
Vitamin D (μg) | 2.24 (0.71, 2.82) | 2.02 (1.33, 2.67) | 0.86 | 0.91 |
Vitamin E (mg) | 9.7 (6.4, 13.1) | 10.0 (8.0, 12.1) | 0.81 | 0.90 |
Niacin (Vitamin B3) (mg) | 17.8 (15.6, 22.2) | 18.6 (13.8, 25.3) | 0.35 | 0.51 |
Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) | 3.63 (3.14, 4.93) | 4.00 (3.33, 5.01) | 0.26 | 0.40 |
Biotin (Vitamin B8) | 3.33 (2.56, 4.49) | 3.77 (2.79, 4.87) | 0.071 | 0.16 |
Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) (μg) | 311 (244, 366) | 300 (231, 347) | 0.29 | 0.44 |
Sodium (mg) | 6.608 (5.590, 7.638) | 7.652 (5.852, 9.603) | 0.011 | 0.032 |
Potassium (mg) | 3.500 (2.504, 3.782) | 3.316 (2.732, 4.003) | 0.99 | 0.99 |
Calcium (mg) | 1.281 (1.140, 1.484) | 1.224 (1.093, 1.441) | 0.26 | 0.40 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1.429 (1.291, 1.541) | 1.465 (1.266, 1.702) | 0.22 | 0.38 |
Magnesium (mg) | 383 (328, 434) | 385 (324, 455) | 0.61 | 0.75 |
Iron (mg) | 15.4 (14.0, 16.1) | 15.4 (13.8, 17.1) | 0.48 | 0.63 |
Zinc (mg) | 8.57 (6.37, 11.26) | 9.73 (7.39, 11.78) | 0.081 | 0.17 |
Iodine (μg) | 99 (60, 156) | 155 (94, 179) | <0.001 * | <0.001 |
Copper (mg) | 0.97 (0.69, 1.09) | 1.04 (0.83, 1.22) | 0.10 | 0.19 |
Chlorine (mg) | 1.787 (1.511, 2.509) | 1.813 (1.496, 2.467) | 0.90 | 0.93 |
Manganese (mg) | 1.37 (1.07, 2.90) | 2.88 (1.52, 3.76) | <0.001 * | <0.001 |
Selenium (μg) | 56 (47, 61) | 56 (48, 67) | 0.53 | 0.66 |
Depression score | 0.001 * | 0.004 | ||
48 (73%) | 71 (43%) | |||
9 (14%) | 25 (15%) | |||
8 (12%) | 45 (27%) | |||
1 (1.5%) | 15 (9.1%) | |||
0 (0%) | 4 (2.4%) | |||
0 (0%) | 4 (2.4%) | |||
Stress score | 8.00 (8.00, 10.00) | 11.00 (10.00, 14.00) | <0.001 * | <0.001 |
Anxiety score | ||||
48 (73%) | 47 (29%) | |||
7 (11%) | 40 (24%) | |||
0 (0%) | 14 (8.5%) | |||
5 (7.6%) | 24 (15%) | |||
5 (7.6%) | 34 (21%) | |||
0 (0%) | 4 (2.4%) | |||
0 (0%) | 4 (2.4%) | |||
Stress score | 8.00 (8.00, 10.00) | 11.00 (10.00, 14.00) | <0.001 * | <0.001 |
Anxiety score | ||||
48 (73%) | 47 (29%) | |||
7 (11%) | 40 (24%) | |||
0 (0%) | 14 (8.5%) | |||
5 (7.6%) | 24 (15%) | |||
5 (7.6%) | 34 (21%) | |||
1 (1.5%) | 5 (3.0%) |
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Aguirre-Quezada, M.A.; Aranda-Ramírez, M.P. Irruption of Network Analysis to Explain Dietary, Psychological and Nutritional Patterns and Metabolic Health Status in Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Overweight and Obese University Students: Ecuadorian Case. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2924. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172924
Aguirre-Quezada MA, Aranda-Ramírez MP. Irruption of Network Analysis to Explain Dietary, Psychological and Nutritional Patterns and Metabolic Health Status in Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Overweight and Obese University Students: Ecuadorian Case. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2924. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172924
Chicago/Turabian StyleAguirre-Quezada, María Alejandra, and María Pilar Aranda-Ramírez. 2024. "Irruption of Network Analysis to Explain Dietary, Psychological and Nutritional Patterns and Metabolic Health Status in Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Overweight and Obese University Students: Ecuadorian Case" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2924. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172924