Can Faecal Zonulin and Calprotectin Levels Be Used in the Diagnosis and Follow-Up in Infants with Milk Protein-Induced Allergic Proctocolitis?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. OFC Procedures
2.2. Faecal Samples
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Faecal Calprotectin (FC)
3.2. Faecal-Zonulin-Related Proteins (FZRP)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Study Group MPIAP0 n = 86 | Control Group * n = 30 | p |
---|---|---|---|
Age median (mo) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | ns ** |
Males (n, %) | 62 (72.1%) | 24 (80%) | ns *** |
Body mass median (centiles) | 25 (10–97) | 50 (10–97) | ns ** |
Height median (centiles) | 50 (10–97) | 50 (10–97) | ns ** |
Feeding at the time of diagnosis (n/%) | |||
breast | 79 (91.9%) | 27 (90.0%) | |
breast + infants’ milk | 5 (5.8%) | 2 (6.7%) | ns *** |
only infants’ milk | 2 (2.3%) | 1 (3.3%) | |
Allergies in family (n/%) | 47 (54.6%) | 13 (43.3%) | |
father | 34 (39.5%) | 9 (30.0%) | |
mother | 30 (34.9%) | 7 (23.3%) | ns *** |
siblings | 61 (71.7%) | 14 (46.7%) | |
Symptoms (n/%) | |||
MPIAP **** | 64 (74.4%) | - | |
MPIAP + atopic dermatitis | 22 (25.6%) | - | |
General symptoms (n/%) | |||
anxiety | 30 (34.9%) | 5 (17.0%) | |
anemia | 8 (9.3%) | 6 (20.0%) | <0.05 *** |
eosinophilia | 18 (60.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
Milk-free diet during treatment (n/%) | |||
breast | 78 (90.8%) | ||
breast + eHf ***** | 6 (6.9%) | ||
only eHf ***** | 2 (2.3%) |
Parameter | Control Group n = 30 | Study Group MPIAP0 n = 86 | Study Group MPIAP1 n = 86 | p *** |
---|---|---|---|---|
Calprotectin * (mg/L) | ||||
median | 113.2 | 382.9 | 208.4 | 0.0000 **** |
range | 13.9–219.9 | 103.5–822.8 | 67.9–484.4 | |
Zonulin ** (ng/mL) | ||||
median | 54.1 | 103.6 | 62.9 | 0.0000 **** |
range | 36.6–101.9 | 67.1–378.7 | 13.3–143.3 |
Parameter | Control Group n = 30 n (%) | Study Group Diagnosis MPIAP0 n (%) | Study Group After 1 mo of Milk-Free Diet MPIAP1 n (%) | p *** Control/MPIAP0 MPIAP0/MPIAP1 | p *** Control/ MPIAP1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calprotectin * (n) mg/L | n = 30 **** | n = 86 **** | n = 86 **** | 0.0000 | |
<193.75 | 29 (96.7%) | 7 (8.1%) | 33 (38.4%) | ||
>193.75 | 1 (3.3%) | 79 (91.9%) | 53 (61.6%) | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
Zonulin ** (n) ng/mL | n = 30 **** | n = 70 **** | n = 70 **** | 0.0000 | |
<66.28 | 25 (83.3%) | 31 (54.4%) | |||
>66.28 | 5 (16.75) | 70 (100%) | 26 (45.6%) | 0.0074 | 0.0000 |
Reference | No. of Subjects | Age | FC Median/ Average (µg/g) | Range FC (µg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Olafsdottir et al. [55] | 27 | 0–12 mo | <350 | |
Ezri and Nydegger [54] | 0–12 mo | 277 ± 109 | <350 | |
Hestvik et al. [56] | 54 | 0–12 mo | 249.0 | |
Oord and Hornung [53] | 75 | 1–6 mo | 538 | |
Lie et al. [57] | 1–3 mo | 375.2 | ||
3–6 mo | 219.7 | |||
6–9 mo | 123.5 | |||
9–12 mo | 109.5 | |||
Song et al. [58] | 46 | 7–12 mo | 135.0 | |
Roca et al. [52] | 67 | 0–12 mo | 910.3 | |
Lee et al. [59] | all 133 | 0–2 mo | 322.0 | |
2–4 mo | 197.0 | |||
4–6 mo | 111.0 | |||
Peura et al. [60] | 72 | 0 mo | 324.0 | 274–381 |
63 | 6 mo | 615.0 | 189–1057 | |
60 | 12 mo | 136.0 | 119–179 | |
Łoniewska et al. [61] | 72 | 7 days | 139.1 | 12–627 |
Łoniewska et al. [32] | 74 | 1 mo | 149.3 | |
70 | 6 mo | 109.3 | ||
Park et al. [62] | 134 | 1 week | 418.1 ± 864.9 | |
67 | 2 week | 243.1 ± 328.8 | ||
41 | 3–4 weeks | 259.6 ± 368.2 | ||
Rycyk et al. [63] | 25 | 1–12 mo | 332.0 | 74–759 |
Qiu et al. [64] | 90 | 0–9 mo | 410.0 | 168–1739 |
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Czaja-Bulsa, G.; Bulsa, K.; Łokieć, M.; Drozd, A. Can Faecal Zonulin and Calprotectin Levels Be Used in the Diagnosis and Follow-Up in Infants with Milk Protein-Induced Allergic Proctocolitis? Nutrients 2024, 16, 2949. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172949
Czaja-Bulsa G, Bulsa K, Łokieć M, Drozd A. Can Faecal Zonulin and Calprotectin Levels Be Used in the Diagnosis and Follow-Up in Infants with Milk Protein-Induced Allergic Proctocolitis? Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2949. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172949
Chicago/Turabian StyleCzaja-Bulsa, Grażyna, Karolina Bulsa, Monika Łokieć, and Arleta Drozd. 2024. "Can Faecal Zonulin and Calprotectin Levels Be Used in the Diagnosis and Follow-Up in Infants with Milk Protein-Induced Allergic Proctocolitis?" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2949. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172949