Influence of Dietary Heritage in a Restricted Geographic Area and Role of Food Additives on Risk of Recurrent Kidney Stone
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Urinary Effects of Citrate Intake
5.2. Urinary Effects of Calcium Intake
5.3. Urinary Effects of Magnesium Intake
5.4. Urinary Effects of Sulfur Intake
5.5. Urinary Effects of Potassium Intake
5.6. Urinary Effects of Protein Intake
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Citrates: ≤320 mg/day for females and <360 mg/day for males |
Oxalate: <40 mg/day |
Uric acid: <600 mg/day for females and <650 mg/day for males |
Calcium: <220 mg/day for females and <250 mg/day for males |
Inorganic phosphate: <1085 mg/day |
Ammonium (NH3): <50 mmoL/day |
Sulfate: 960–2900 mg/day |
Magnesium: <75 mg/day |
Natrium: 50–200 mEq/day |
Kalium: 50–100 mEq/day |
Nitrogen: 12–24 g/day |
Mean ± SD | |||
---|---|---|---|
N. Patients | 50 | ||
male/females | 27/23 | ||
age, years | 54.3 ± 13.9 | ||
Usual average diuresis pre-screening, mL/24 h | 1232 ± 633 | ||
Collected urine, for metabolic tests, mL/24 h | 2401 ± 968 | ||
Weight, kgs | 70.0 ± 13.8 | ||
Body Surface, m2 | 1.78 ± 0.19 | ||
B.M.I., Kg (height × height) m2 | 20.8 ± 3.7 | ||
Patients with Hypertension, number and % | 7 (14) | ||
Diabetic patients, Numbers and % | 2 | ||
eGFR by CKD-EPI, mL/min/body surface, m2 | 97.9 ± 16.7 | ||
plasmatic Sodium, mEq/L | 140.5 ± 2.9 | ||
plasmatic Potassium, mEq/L | 4.3 ± 0.3 | ||
plasmatic Calcium, mg/dL | 9.5 ± 0.6 | ||
plasmatic Phosphorum, mg/dL | 3.3 ± 0.5 | ||
plasmatic Uric Acid, mg/dL | 5.5 ± 1.6 | ||
PTH, ρg/mL | 54.9 ± 5.5 | ||
Linear Regression between plasmatic and urinary values | R | R2 | p |
Plasmatic Sodium vs. Sodiuria | 0.047 | 0.02 | 0.766 |
Plasmatic Potassium vs. Kaliuria | 0.220 | 0.05 | 0.152 |
Plasmatic Calcium vs. Calciuria | 0.334 | 0.11 | 0.022 |
Plasmatic Phosphorum vs. Phosphaturia | 0.430 | 0.02 | 0.343 |
Plasmatic Uric Acid vs. Uricuria | 0.104. | 0.01 | 0.497 |
Content in Foods Consumed Daily | Urinary Parameters, 24 h | Outsiders (n, %) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Daily Intake Citrate, mg | 1414.8 ± 635.6 | Citrate, mg | 105.5 ± 1.52 | <43 (86%) |
Daily Intake Oxalate, mg | 200.8 ± 130.4 | Oxalate, mg | 163.9 ± 103.3 | <12 (24%) |
Daily Intake Calcium, mg | 935.2 ± 396.2 | Calcium, mg | 505.3 ± 192.6 | >23 (46%) |
Daily Intake Phosphate, mg | 1337.8 ± 1452.2 | Phosphate, mg | 657.3 ± 267.6 | <1 (2%) |
Daily Intake Proteins, g/kg/day | 1.2 ± 0.3 | Nitrogen, g | 9.8 ± 2.3 | >6 (12%) |
Ammonium, mmol | 28.5 ± 4.5 | <50 (100%) | ||
Daily Intake Sulfur, mg | 682.7 ± 240.9 | Sulfate, mg | 349.9 ± 153.6 | <50 (100%) |
Daily Intake Magnesium, mg | 353.2 ± 58.0 | Magnesium, mg | 93.0 ± 33.8 | >30 (60%) |
Daily Intake Potassium, mEq/L | 56.2 ± 21.0 | Potassium, mEq/L | 54.2 ± 21.2 | - |
Daily Intake Uric Acid, mg | 476.9 ± 149,1 | Uric Acid, mg | 505.3.6 ± 267.2 | >2 (4%) |
Daily Intake Carbohydrates, g | 316.0 ± 141.8 | Carbohydrates, g | - | - |
Daily Fat Free Acid, g | 23.1 ± 11.2 | pH | 6.3 ± 0.7 | - |
Elements | Spearman’s Rho Significance | Daily Intake Citrate, mg | Daily Intake Oxalate, mg | Daily Intake Calcium, mg | Daily Intake Phosphate, mg | Daily Intake Uric acid, mg | Daily Intake Proteins, g/kg | Daily Intake Magnesium mg | Daily Intake Sulfate, mg | Daily Intake Potassium mEq/L | Daily Intake Carbohydrates g | Daily Intake Saturated Fatty Acid, g |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urinary Citrate, mg/24 h | Corr. Coefficient Significance | 0.326 0.021 | 0.047 0.728 | 0.070 0.628 | 0.198 0.168 | 0.173 0.230 | −0.152 0.291 | 0.015 0.918 | −0.067 0.734 | 0.113 0.435 | −0.058 0.687 | −0.133 0.139 |
Urinary Oxalate, mg/24 h | Corr. Coefficient Significance | 0.079 0.586 | 0.210 0.229 | −0.104 0.471 | 0.099 0.492 | 0.143 0.322 | −0.058 0.687 | −0.061 0.673 | 0.017 0.909 | 0.212. 0.140 | 0.027 0.851 | 0.010 0.949 |
Urinary Potassium, mg/24 h | Corr. Coefficient Significance | 0.217 0.131 | 0.110 0.445 | 0.130 0.368 | 0.327 0.020 | 0.271 0.057 | 0.095 0.510 | 0.055 0.706 | −0.151 0.297 | 0.190 0.187 | −0.047 0.747 | −0.121 0.403 |
Urinary Calcium, mg/24 h | Corr. Coefficient Significance | 0.298 0.036 | 0.126 0.384 | 0.100 0.491 | 0.220 0.125 | 0.120 0.408 | 0.187 0.193 | 0.101 0.484 | 0.160 0.266 | 0.353 0.012 | 0.123 0.393 | 0.123 0.393 |
Urinary Phosphate, mg/24 h | Corr. Coefficient Significance | 0.180 0.211 | 0.103 0.476 | −0.270 0.853 | 0.185 0.200 | 0.219 0.126 | −0.081 0.578 | −0.051 0.723 | −0.070 0.627 | 0.228 0.111 | 0.060 0.681 | −0.163 0.258 |
Urinary Uric Acid, mg/24 h | Corr. Coefficient Significance | −0003 0.985 | 0.090 0.533 | 0.138 0.339 | 0.227 0.112 | 0.059 0.683 | 0.002 0.998 | 0.040 0.781 | 0.063 0.665 | −0.440 0.761 | 0.054 0.71 | −0.070 0.631 |
Urinary Nitrogen, mg/24 h | Corr. Coefficient Significance | 0.093 0.519 | 0.132 0.362 | 0.324 0.022 | 0.334 0.018 | 0.308 0.030 | 0.425 0.002 | 0.143. 0.320 | 0.379 0.007 | 0.146 0.312 | 0.210 0.142 | 0.254 0.075 |
Urinary Sulfate, mg/24 h | Corr. Coefficient Significance | 0.006 0.969 | −0.138. 0.339 | 0.112 0.439 | 0.162 0.262 | 0.162 0.261 | 0.011 0.942 | −0.014 0.924 | −008 0.955 | 0.056 0.697 | 0.146 0.313 | 0.051 0.724 |
Urinary Magnesium, mg/24 h | Corr. Coefficient Significance | 0.228 0.111 | 0.074 0.610 | 0.136 0.346 | 0.131 0.366 | 0.200 0.163 | 0.067 0.643 | −0.039 0.789 | −0.320 0.828 | 0.220 0.125 | 0.142 0.324 | 0.117 0.416 |
Source | Dependent Variable | B Coefficient | Type III Sum of Squares | F | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intake Citrates 24 h (mg) | Citraturia 24 h, mg | 24.54 | 386,552.249 | 4.523 | 0.040 |
Oxaluria 24 h, mg | −2.64 | 17,135.339 | 9.544 | 0.004 | |
Intake Calcium 24 h (mg) | Sulfaturia/24 h, mg | 0.154 | 357,726.323 | 4.632 | 0.038 |
Azoturia 24 h, mg | 0.002 | 41.893 | 38.159 | 0.000 | |
Ammonuria, mmol/L | 0.003 | 99.660 | 5.570 | 0.024 | |
Intake Magnesium 24 h (mg) | Magnesuria 24 h, mg | 0.025 | 5456.525 | 5.344 | 0.026 |
Oxaluria 24 h, mg | −0.018 | 7776.369 | 4.331 | 0.044 | |
Calciuria 24 h, mg | −0.066 | 44,361.267 | 4.926 | 0.033 | |
Phosphaturia 24 h mg | −0.299 | 518,847.745 | 7.777 | 0.008 | |
Azoturia 24 h, mg | −0.101 | 5.289 | 4.817 | 0.035 | |
Intake Sulfur 24 h (mg) | Azoturia 24 h, mg | 0.005 | 5.208 | 4.744 | 0.036 |
Kaliuria 24 h, mEq | −0.023 | 2286.043 | 5.693 | 0.022 | |
Intake Potassium 24 h (mEq) | Oxaluria 24 h, mg | 0.216 | 7812.135 | 4.351 | 0.044 |
Intake Protein | Azoturia 24 h, mg | 3.985 | 140.094 | 127.607 | 0.000 |
Ammonuria, mmol/L | 3.800 | 129.865 | 7.258 | 0.011 |
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Share and Cite
Bolasco, P.; Reggiardo, G. Influence of Dietary Heritage in a Restricted Geographic Area and Role of Food Additives on Risk of Recurrent Kidney Stone. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2984. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172984
Bolasco P, Reggiardo G. Influence of Dietary Heritage in a Restricted Geographic Area and Role of Food Additives on Risk of Recurrent Kidney Stone. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2984. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172984
Chicago/Turabian StyleBolasco, Piergiorgio, and Giorgio Reggiardo. 2024. "Influence of Dietary Heritage in a Restricted Geographic Area and Role of Food Additives on Risk of Recurrent Kidney Stone" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2984. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172984