Nutrient-Dense African Indigenous Vegetables and Grains in the FAO Food Composition Table for Western Africa (WAFCT) Identified Using Nutrient-Rich Food (NRF) Scores
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Nutrient Composition Database
2.2. Nutrient-Rich Food Indices
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Nutrient Density
3.1.1. Nutrient Density of African Indigenous Vegetables (AIVs)
3.1.2. Nutrient Density of African Indigenous Grains (AIG)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Food Group | Examples |
---|---|
Vegetables | Cabbage, carrot, eggplant, onion, pepper, tomato, wild spinach |
African indigenous vegetables | Amaranth leaves, spider plant, jute mallow, cowpea leaves, native eggplant, pumpkin leaves, moringa, sweet potato leaves, okra leaves |
Cereals (non-indigenous grains) | Maize, wheat, rice, oats, bread |
African indigenous grains | Fonio, pearl millet, teff, sorghum, native rice |
Fish and seafood | African carp, anchovy, Atlantic cod, barracuda, bayad, catfish, mackerel, mahi mahi, mola carpet, perch, shrimp, tilapia, tuna |
Meat and poultry | Beef kidney, beef liver, beef meat, camel meat, chicken giblets, chicken liver, chicken meat, game meat, goat meat, lamb meat, ostrich meat, pork meat, rabbit meat |
Eggs | Chicken eggs, duck eggs, quail eggs, turkey eggs |
Fruits | Apple, avocado, African black plum, banana, dates, figs, guava, mango, Orange, pineapple, tamarind, watermelon |
Soups and sauces | Curry sauce with beef meat, fish and vegetable soup, clear sauce with fish, chicken soup |
Beverages | Fruit juice, ovaltine, fruit nectar, soybean milk, teas |
Legumes | African locust bean, Bambara groundnut, white beans, cowpeas, ground beans, lentils, soya beans |
Milk and its products | Cow milk, cheese, camel milk, yoghurt |
Nuts and seeds | Cashew nut, cola nut, bitter cola seeds, groundnut, hibiscus seed, melon seeds, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds |
Starchy roots, and tubers | Cassava, cocoyam, plantain, sweet potato, potato, water yam |
Fats and oils | Butter, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, groundnut oil, margarine, palm oil, soya oil, sunflower oil, vegetable oil |
Miscellaneous | Honey, jam, sugar, sweets, vinegar |
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Nutrients to Encourage | Reference Daily Values * |
---|---|
Protein (g) | 50 |
Fiber (g) | 25 |
Vitamin A (RAE) | 800 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 100 |
Vitamin D (mcg) | 15 |
Calcium (mg) | 1000 |
Iron (mg) | 14 |
Potassium (mg) | 3500 |
Magnesium (mg) | 310 |
Zinc (mg) | 11 |
Folate (mcg) | 400 |
Copper (mcg) | 900 |
Vitamin B1 (mg) | 1.2 |
Vitamin B2 (mg) | 1.2 |
Vitamin B3 (mg NE) | 15 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.3 |
Vitamin B12 (mcg) | 2.4 |
Nutrients to limit | Maximum recommended values |
Saturated fat (g) | 20 |
Added sugars (g) | 50 |
Sodium (mg) | 2000 |
WAFCT Food Groups | No. of Foods | Kcal/100 g | NRF9.3 Scores | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean 1 | SD | Median | |||
Vegetables | 113 | 73 | 263 a | 123 | 234 |
Dark green leafy vegetables | 59 | 62 | 344 | 105 | 360 |
Other vit. A-rich vegetables | 12 | 37 | 187 | 38 | 194 |
Other vegetables | 42 | 97 | 171 | 72 | 162 |
Fruits | 44 | 99 | 90 b | 58 | 88 |
Vit. A-rich fruits | 8 | 59 | 119 | 47 | 126 |
Other fruits | 36 | 108 | 83 | 59 | 65 |
Fish and seafood | 106 | 126 | 86 b | 41 | 78 |
Legumes | 115 | 177 | 75 c | 11 | 77 |
Meat and poultry | 118 | 211 | 57 d | 57 | 41 |
Starchy roots, and tubers | 89 | 157 | 50 d | 28 | 47 |
Beverages | 12 | 53 | 44 d,e | 48 | 60 |
Soups and sauces | 34 | 131 | 41 d | 30 | 35 |
Eggs | 14 | 171 | 40 d | 8 | 40 |
Cereals | 169 | 224 | 31 e | 24 | 33 |
Milk and its products | 23 | 192 | 28 e | 25 | 29 |
Nuts and seeds | 30 | 500 | 27 e | 20 | 28 |
Fats and oils | 35 | 881 | −8 f | 21 | −8 |
Miscellaneous | 7 | 288 | −15 f | 27 | −15 |
p | <0.001 |
WAFCT Food Groups | No. of Foods | Kcal/100 g | Mean NRF6.3 Scores 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean 1 | SD | Median | |||
Vegetables | 113 | 73 | 139 a | 92 | 121 |
Dark green leafy vegetables | 59 | 62 | 202 | 76 | 206 |
Other vit. A-rich vegetables | 12 | 37 | 80 | 33 | 65 |
Other vegetables | 42 | 97 | 67 | 52 | 52 |
Fish and seafood | 106 | 126 | 107 b | 56 | 111 |
Meat and poultry | 118 | 211 | 90 c | 100 | 61 |
Eggs | 14 | 171 | 79 c | 35 | 67 |
Legumes | 115 | 177 | 37 d | 13 | 36 |
Soups and sauces | 34 | 131 | 37 d,e | 37 | 34 |
Milk and its products | 23 | 192 | 29 e,f,j | 27 | 26 |
Cereals | 169 | 224 | 20 f,j | 22 | 16 |
Fruits | 44 | 99 | 19 f | 24 | 20 |
Vit. A-rich fruits | 8 | 59 | 45 | 16 | 43 |
Other fruits | 36 | 108 | 13 | 22 | 12 |
Starchy roots, and tubers | 89 | 157 | 17 f,j | 22 | 14 |
Nuts and seeds | 30 | 500 | 6 g | 17 | 7 |
Beverages | 12 | 53 | 6 g,j | 50 | −4 |
Fats and oils | 35 | 881 | −10 h | 18 | −8 |
Miscellaneous | 7 | 288 | −27 i | 27 | −28 |
p | <0.001 |
WAFCT Food Groups | No. of Foods | Kcal/100 g | Mean NRF15.3 Scores | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean 1 | SD | NRF15.3 | |||
Vegetables | 113 | 73 | 344 a | 179 | 296 |
Dark green leafy vegetables | 59 | 62 | 452 | 163 | 446 |
Other vit. A-rich vegetables | 12 | 37 | 251 | 55 | 266 |
Other vegetables | 42 | 97 | 220 | 116 | 219 |
Fish and seafood | 106 | 126 | 214 b | 73 | 211 |
Meat and poultry | 118 | 211 | 196 b,c | 160 | 151 |
Eggs | 14 | 171 | 138 c,d,j | 32 | 126 |
Fruits | 44 | 99 | 107 d,e,j | 74 | 98 |
Vit. A-rich fruits | 8 | 59 | 148 | 42 | 154 |
Other fruits | 36 | 108 | 98 | 76 | 83 |
Soups and sauces | 34 | 131 | 101 e,j | 47 | 94 |
Beverages | 12 | 53 | 91 j | 90 | 88 |
Legumes | 115 | 177 | 88 f,j | 21 | 88 |
Milk and its products | 23 | 192 | 73 g,j | 47 | 66 |
Nuts and seeds | 30 | 500 | 59 g,h,j | 33 | 69 |
Starchy roots, and tubers | 89 | 157 | 58 g,h | 30 | 52 |
Cereals | 169 | 224 | 50 h | 34 | 47 |
Fats and oils | 35 | 881 | 12 i | 33 | 12 |
Miscellaneous | 7 | 288 | −11 i | 32 | −14 |
p | <0.001 |
Ranking | Highest NRF9.3 Scores | Highest NRF6.3 Scores | Highest NRF15.3 Scores |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Amaranth, leaves, raw | Chicken liver, raw | Spinach, leaves, raw |
2 | Amaranth, leaves, boiled | Chicken liver, stewed | Cowpea, leaves, raw |
3 | Spinach, leaves, raw | Chicken liver, boiled | Spinach, leaves, boiled |
4 | Spider plant, leaves, raw | Chicken liver, grilled (without salt or fat) | Cowpea, leaves, boiled |
5 | Spinach, leaves, boiled | Spider plant, leaves, raw | Spider plant, leaves, raw |
6 | Cowpea, leaves, raw | Spider plant, leaves, boiled | Spider plant, leaves, boiled |
7 | Spider plant, leaves, boiled | Amaranth, leaves, raw | Chicken liver, raw |
8 | Jute mallow (bush-okra), leaves, raw | Chicken giblets, grilled (without salt or fat) | Amaranth, leaves, fresh, raw |
9 | Mint, leaves, raw | Beef liver, raw | Jute mallow (bush-okra), leaves, raw |
10 | Cowpea, leaves, boiled | Mint, leaves, raw | Chicken liver, stewed |
11 | Moringa (drumstick), leaves, boiled | Chicken giblets, raw | Amaranth, leaves, boiled |
12 | Moringa (drumstick), leaves, raw | Amaranth, leaves, fresh, boiled | Chicken liver, grilled (without salt or fat) |
13 | Jute mallow (bush-okra), leaves, boiled | Eggplant, leaves, raw | Moringa (drumstick), leaves, raw |
14 | Eggplant, leaves, raw | Spider plant, leaves, boiled | Moringa (drumstick), leaves, boiled |
15 | Eggplant, leaves, boiled | Cowpea, leaves, raw | Beef liver, raw |
16 | Green leafy vegetable, average, raw | Beef liver, grilled (without salt or fat) | Chicken liver, boiled (without salt) |
17 | Pumpkin, leaves, raw | Beef liver, stewed | Spinach, leaves, boiled |
18 | Moringa (drumstick), leaves, boiled (without salt) | Chicken giblets, boiled | Eggplant, leaves, raw |
19 | Parsley, raw | Spinach, leaves, raw | Cowpea, leaves, fresh, boiled |
20 | Pumpkin, leaves, boiled | Mola carplet, small whole fish, raw | Beef liver, stewed |
African Indigenous Food Groups | No. of Foods | Kcal/100 g | Mean (SD) NRF Score | Protein g/100 g Mean (SD) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NRF9.3 | NRF6.3 | NRF15.3 | ||||
African indigenous vegetables (AIV) | 25 | 46 | 339 (111) | 198 (85) | 451 (168) | 3.8 (1.8) |
Preparations with AIVs | 18 | 73 | 228 (187) | 133 (108) | 324 (234) | 4.2 (1.8) |
Non-indigenous vegetables | 68 | 54 | 227 (110) | 111 (83) | 292 (158) | 2.9 (2.1) |
p-value | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.001 * | <0.001 * | ||
African indigenous grains (AIGs) | 55 | 260 | 43 (19) | 29 (11) | 62 (20) | — |
Non-indigenous grains | 55 | 278 | 30 (21) | 23 (25) | 56 (43) | — |
p-value | 0.60 | 0.001 * | 0.33 | 0.42 | — | |
Non-indigenous grains (without fortified flours) | 45 | 261 | 30 (23) | 13 (8) | 44 (32) | — |
p-value ** | 0.97 | 0.002 * | <0.001 * | 0.001 * | — |
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Lara-Arevalo, J.; Laar, A.; Chaparro, M.P.; Drewnowski, A. Nutrient-Dense African Indigenous Vegetables and Grains in the FAO Food Composition Table for Western Africa (WAFCT) Identified Using Nutrient-Rich Food (NRF) Scores. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2985. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172985
Lara-Arevalo J, Laar A, Chaparro MP, Drewnowski A. Nutrient-Dense African Indigenous Vegetables and Grains in the FAO Food Composition Table for Western Africa (WAFCT) Identified Using Nutrient-Rich Food (NRF) Scores. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2985. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172985
Chicago/Turabian StyleLara-Arevalo, Jonathan, Amos Laar, M. Pia Chaparro, and Adam Drewnowski. 2024. "Nutrient-Dense African Indigenous Vegetables and Grains in the FAO Food Composition Table for Western Africa (WAFCT) Identified Using Nutrient-Rich Food (NRF) Scores" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2985. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172985