The Evaluation of Selected Trace Elements in Blood, Serum and Blood Cells of Type 2 Diabetes Patients with and without Renal Disorder
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Results of Chromium Determination in Whole Blood, Serum, and Blood Cells
3.2. Results of Nickel Determination in Whole Blood, Serum, and Blood Cells
3.3. Results of Cobalt Determination in Whole Blood, Serum, and Blood Cells
3.4. Results of Manganese Determination in Whole Blood, Serum, and Blood Cells
3.5. Results of Zinc Determination in Whole Blood, Serum, and Blood Cells
3.6. Results of Assessment of Elemental Contents in the Diet of Diabetic and Healthy People
4. Discussion
4.1. Chromium
4.2. Nickel
4.3. Cobalt
4.4. Manganese
4.5. Zinc
4.6. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chromium [µg/L] | Manganese [µg/L] | Cobalt [µg/L] | Nickel [µg/L] | Zinc [mg/L] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Declared content in the reference serum | 4.8 | 19.9 | 3.2 | 9.8 | 2.440 |
Determined content in the reference serum | 4.20 ± 0.11 | 19.00 ± 0.03 | 3.2 ± 0.18 | 9.2 ± 0.31 | 2.742 ± 0.311 |
Range of 95% compliance | 4.4–5.2 | 18.8–21.0 | 3.0–3.4 | 9.2–10.4 | 2.107–2.773 |
Acceptable range | 4.0–5.6 | 17.7–22.1 | 2.8–3.6 | 8.6–11.0 | 1.774–3.106 |
Element | Sample | Control | T2DM and GFR > 60 | T2DM and GFR < 60 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chromium [µg/L] | All | Whole blood | 6.85 ± 2.80 | 7.32 ± 3.07 | 9.55 ± 4.36 ** |
Serum | 4.8 ± 3.09 | 4.97 ± 2.84 | 11.98 ± 5.1 ** | ||
Erythrocytes | 6.52 ± 3.05 | 8.017 ± 3.371 | 11.44 ± 3.62 ** | ||
F | Whole blood | 7.70 ± 3.31 | 7.90 ± 3.05 | 10.30 ± 4.09 * | |
Serum | 4.10 ± 3.10 | 5.30 ± 2.62 | 13.75 ± 5.10 * | ||
Erythrocytes | 6.48 ± 3.23 | 7.50 ± 3.33 | 10.54 ± 3.44 ** | ||
M | Whole blood | 6.00 ± 2.29 | 6.50 ± 3.11 | 7.50 ± 5.11 ** | |
Serum | 5.50 ± 3.08 | 4.50 ± 3.16 | 7.10 ± 5.10 | ||
Erythrocytes | 6.56 ± 2.87 | 8.75 ± 3.43 | 13.91 ± 4.12 ** | ||
Nickel [µg/L] | All | Whole blood | 4.1 ± 1.81 | 8.31 ± 3.05 ** | 11.37 ± 4.59 ** |
Serum | 10.75 ± 3.81 | 10.03 ± 3.21 | 9.31 ± 3.49 | ||
Erythrocytes | 1 ± 0.345 | 5.943 ± 2.618 ** | 14.70 ± 8.87 ** | ||
F | Whole blood | 3.1 ± 1.37 | 12.9 ± 4.33 ** | 13.8 ± 5.36 ** | |
Serum | 13.7 ± 4.23 | 15.7 ± 5.25 | 12.00 ± 4.31 | ||
Erythrocytes | 1.00 ± 0.30 | 9.03 ± 3.45 ** | 16.29 ± 9.23 ** | ||
M | Whole blood | 5.1 ± 2.24 | 1.80 ± 1.23 ** | 4.7 ± 2.47 | |
Serum | 7.80 ± 3.38 | 2.00 ± 0.31 ** | 1.90 ± 1.24 ** | ||
Erythrocytes | 1.00 ± 0.39 | 1.57 ± 1.44 | 10.34 ± 7.88 | ||
Cobalt [µg/L] | All | Whole blood | 6.96 ± 2.84 | 7.37 ± 3.91 | 6.79 ± 4.39 |
Serum | 1.20 ± 0.8 | 1.22 ± 0.64 | 1.42 ± 1.11 | ||
Erythrocytes | 15.68 ± 6.36 | 16.67 ± 6.42 | 15.62 ± 7.60 | ||
F | Whole blood | 7.02 ± 3.15 | 6.96 ± 3.33 | 6.78 ± 4.32 | |
Serum | 1.10 ± 0.90 | 1.30 ± 0.60 | 1.50 ± 1.30 | ||
Erythrocytes | 16.71 ± 6.71 | 16.53 ± 5.99 | 16.04 ± 7.99 | ||
M | Whole blood | 6.90 ± 2.53 | 7.94 ± 4.73 | 6.81 ± 4.57 | |
Serum | 1.30 ± 0.70 | 1.10 ± 0.70 | 1.20 ± 0.60 | ||
Erythrocytes | 14.64 ± 6.01 | 16.88 ± 7.02 | 14.47 ± 6.52 | ||
Manganese [µg/L] | All | Whole blood | 42.95 ± 7.56 | 46.21 ± 8.34 | 40.95 ± 9.36 |
Serum | 14 ± 6.11 | 16.43 ± 6.71 | 18.31 ± 7.22 * | ||
Erythrocytes | 95.82 ± 27.12 | 104 ± 43.5 | 93.69 ± 39.94 | ||
F | Whole blood | 42.1 ± 6.7 | 44.6 ± 8.3 | 41.2 ± 9.4 | |
Serum | 16.6 ± 6.0 | 17.3 ± 7.0 | 18.1 ± 7.4 | ||
Erythrocytes | 99.5 ± 23.3 | 105.2 ± 44.5 | 97.1 ± 39.7 | ||
M | Whole blood | 43.8 ± 8.4 | 48.5 ± 8.4 | 40.2 ± 9.4 | |
Serum | 11.4 ± 6.2 | 15.2 ± 6.2 | 18.9 ± 6.8 ** | ||
Erythrocytes | 92.1 ± 30.9 | 102.3 ± 42.1 | 84.5 ± 40.5 | ||
Zinc [mg/L] | All | Whole blood | 6.447 ± 3.441 | 4.563 ± 2.911 | 4.902 ± 3.000 |
Serum | 3.544 ± 1.999 | 1.641 ± 1.337 ** | 2.249 ± 1.507 * | ||
Erythrocytes | 6.447 ± 3.441 | 4.563 ± 2.911 | 4.902 ± 3.000 | ||
F | Whole blood | 6.788 ± 3.771 | 4.933 ± 2.921 | 4.780 ± 3.002 | |
Serum | 3.513 ± 2.001 | 1.752 ± 1.567 ** | 1.744 ± 1.211 ** | ||
Erythrocytes | 11.31 ± 5.56 | 9.33 ± 6.45 | 8.97 ± 5.21 | ||
M | Whole blood | 6.106 ± 3.111 | 4.040 ± 2.899 | 5.239 ± 2.998 | |
Serum | 3.575 ± 1.998 | 1.484 ± 1.011 ** | 3.637 ± 2.322 | ||
Erythrocytes | 8.96 ± 5.62 | 6.92 ± 4.45 | 7.05 ± 3.95 |
Trace Element | Control | T2DM with or without CKD | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | SD | Average | SD | ||
Zn | 9.6 | 2.84 | 11.51 | 2.99 | <0.01 * |
Mn | 4.16 | 1.48 | 6.29 | 1.72 | <0.01 * |
Ni | 0.227 | 0.108 | 0.320 | 0.155 | <0.01 * |
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Kosmalski, M.; Frankowski, R.; Leszczyńska, J.; Różycka-Kosmalska, M.; Pietras, T.; Majak, I. The Evaluation of Selected Trace Elements in Blood, Serum and Blood Cells of Type 2 Diabetes Patients with and without Renal Disorder. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2989. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172989
Kosmalski M, Frankowski R, Leszczyńska J, Różycka-Kosmalska M, Pietras T, Majak I. The Evaluation of Selected Trace Elements in Blood, Serum and Blood Cells of Type 2 Diabetes Patients with and without Renal Disorder. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2989. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172989
Chicago/Turabian StyleKosmalski, Marcin, Rafał Frankowski, Joanna Leszczyńska, Monika Różycka-Kosmalska, Tadeusz Pietras, and Iwona Majak. 2024. "The Evaluation of Selected Trace Elements in Blood, Serum and Blood Cells of Type 2 Diabetes Patients with and without Renal Disorder" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2989. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172989