Treatment with Gac Fruit Extract and Probiotics Reduces Serum Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Chronic Kidney Disease Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal Study
2.2. Measurement of Biochemical Indicators
2.3. Measurement of TMA Lyase (CutC)
2.4. Determination of Vascular Calcification
2.5. Immunocytochemistry to Determine Intestinal Zonula Occludens-1
2.6. Statistical Analysis
2.7. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Body Weight and Heart Weight
3.2. Uremic Toxin
3.3. Histopathology of Cardiovascular Tissues and Immunohistochemistry of the Intestinal Tract
3.4. Gut Microbiome Studies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target | Primer | Sequence | Product Size (bp) |
---|---|---|---|
TMA lyase | Forward | TTYGCIGGITAYCARCCNTT | 275 |
Reverse | TGNGGYTCIACRCAICCCAT | ||
16S rRNA | Forward | AGRGTTHGATYMTGGCTCAG | 177 |
Reveres | TGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT |
Comparison Group | Phylum/Genus Level | Bacteria | Change in Relative Abundance (Week 15 vs. Week 0) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CKD | Comparison Group | ||||
CKD vs. Control | Phylum | Actinobacteriota | −0.062 (0.53) | −0.226 (0.38) | 0.043 * |
Genus | Muribaculaceae | 2.355 (7.24) | −2.310 (6.05) | 0.021 * | |
Genus | Colidextribacter | 0.829 (2.90) | 0.716 (0.81) | 0.043 * | |
Genus | UCG008 | 0.379 (0.80) | −0.071 (0.49) | 0.021 * | |
CKD vs. GacPro | Phylum | Actinobacteriota | −0.062 (0.53) | −0.377 (0.43) | 0.011 * |
Comparison Group | Phylum/Genus Level | Bacteria | Change in Relative Abundance (Week 15 vs. Week 0) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CKD | Comparison Group | ||||
CKD vs. Control | Genus | Bacteroides | −1.190 (3.66) | 0.851 (1.39) | 0.021 * |
Genus | Phascolarctobacterium | −0.346 (2.25) | 1.098 (2.08) | 0.021 * | |
CKD vs. GacCar | Phylum | Desulfobacterota | −0.367 (0.47) | 0.204 (0.59) | 0.021 * |
Phylum | Elusimicrobiota | 0.020 (1.21) | 2.464 (3.31) | 0.043 * | |
Genus | Bacteroides | −1.190 (3.66) | −0.376 (0.19) | 0.021 * | |
Genus | Phascolarctobacterium | −0.346 (2.25) | 1.098 (2.08) | 0.021 * | |
Genus | Bacteroides | −1.190 (3.66) | −0.191 (0.59) | 0.021 * | |
CKD vs. STDCar | Phylum | Verrucomicrobiota | −0.7660(1.11) | 0.296 (1.05) | 0.021 * |
Phylum | Desulfobacterota | −0.367 (0.47) | 0.336 (1.50) | 0.021 * | |
Phylum | Elusimicrobiota | 0.020 (1.21) | 0.027 (1.56) | 0.021 * | |
Genus | Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group | −6.089 (2.67) | −2.949 (4.05) | 0.021 * | |
Genus | Akkermansia | −0.780 (1.11) | 0.296 (1.05) | 0.021 * | |
CKD vs. GacPro | Phylum | Desulfobacterota | −0.367 (0.47) | 0.275 (0.36) | 0.011 * |
Phylum | Campylobacterota | 0.014 (0.14) | 0.283 (0.44) | 0.033 * | |
Genus | Bacteroides | −1.190 (3.66) | −0.027 (1.41) | 0.011 * | |
Genus | Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group | −6.089 (2.67) | 0.221 (3.19) | 0.019 * | |
CKD vs. STDPro | Phylum | Campylobacterota | 0.014 (0.14) | 0.357 (0.24) | 0.011 * |
Genus | Bacteroides | −1.190 (3.66) | −0.090 (1.28) | 0.011 * |
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Kamkang, P.; Rattanachaisit, P.; Anegkamol, W.; Taweevisit, M.; Sapwarobol, S.; Tumwasorn, S.; Chuaypen, N.; Dissayabutra, T. Treatment with Gac Fruit Extract and Probiotics Reduces Serum Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Chronic Kidney Disease Rats. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2997. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172997
Kamkang P, Rattanachaisit P, Anegkamol W, Taweevisit M, Sapwarobol S, Tumwasorn S, Chuaypen N, Dissayabutra T. Treatment with Gac Fruit Extract and Probiotics Reduces Serum Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Chronic Kidney Disease Rats. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2997. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172997
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamkang, Panumas, Pakkapon Rattanachaisit, Weerapat Anegkamol, Mana Taweevisit, Suwimol Sapwarobol, Somying Tumwasorn, Natthaya Chuaypen, and Thasinas Dissayabutra. 2024. "Treatment with Gac Fruit Extract and Probiotics Reduces Serum Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Chronic Kidney Disease Rats" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2997. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172997