Carotenoids from Different Pumpkin Varieties Exert a Cytotoxic Effect on Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials
2.2. Reagents
2.3. Moisture Content and Color of Pumpkin Flesh
2.4. Isolation of Carotenoids from Pumpkin Pulp and Evaluation of Total Carotenoid Content
2.5. Cell Culture Conditions
Cell Count and Viability: AO/DAPI Double Staining
2.6. In Vitro Antioxidant Activities by Acellular Assays
2.6.1. Free Radical-Scavenging Activity Using ABTS (ABTS Assay)
2.6.2. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity Assay (ORAC Assay)
2.7. HPLC-DAD Analysis of Carotenoids
2.8. LC-HRMS Analysis for Carotenoids Structural Confirmation
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. General Characteristics of Pumpkin Cultivars
3.2. Cell Count and Viability: AO/DAPI Double Staining
3.3. TCC and Antioxidant Activity of Pumpkin Pulp
3.4. Carotenoid Composition of Pulp and Multivariate Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fruit Appearance | ||||
C. moschata species | Butternut | Lunga di Napoli | Moscata di Provenza | Violina rugosa |
Skin color | Orange | Green | Orange with green spot | Orange |
Fruit shape | Pear-like shape | Pear-like shape | Round shape | Pear-like shape |
Fruit weight, kg | 3.318 | 2.537 | 5.433 | 3.120 |
Flesh color | Orange | Orange | Orange | Orange |
Usage | For food use | For food use | For food use | For food use |
Rind | Smooth and regular | Smooth and regular | Smooth and regular | Smooth and regular |
Harvest time | October | October | October | October |
Fruit appearance | ||||
C. maxima species | Delica | Delica vanity | Hokkaido | Mantovana |
Skin color | Green | Orange | Orange/Red | Brown with green spot |
Fruit shape | Round shape | Round shape | Round shape | Round shape |
Fruit weight, kg | 1.350 | 1.011 | 0.539 | 4.490 |
Flesh color | Orange | Orange | Orange | Orange |
Usage | For food use | For food use | For food use | For food use |
Rind | Rough and irregular | Rough and irregular | Smooth and regular | Rough and irregular |
Harvest time | October | October | October | October |
Cultivar | L* | a* | b* | C* | H* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. moschata species | |||||
Butternut | 51.10 ± 0.89 a,d | 7.28 ± 0.61 a,d | 44.73 ± 0.58 a,e | 45.32 ± 0.71 a,e | 80.76 ± 0.78 a |
Lunga di Napoli | 55.58 ± 0.93 a,e | 3.97 ± 0.12 b | 40.15 ± 1.09 a | 40.35 ± 0.87 b | 84.35 ± 0.20 a,c,d |
Moscata di Provenza | 55.17 ± 1.20 a,e | 4.87 ± 0.93 a,b | 40.98 ± 0.29 a | 41.27 ± 0.75 a,b | 83.22 ± 1.19 a,c,d |
Violina rugosa | 34.52 ± 0.85 b | 14.98 ± 0.31 c | 33.98 ± 0.41 b | 37.13 ± 0.33 b | 66.21 ± 1.15 b |
C. maxima species | |||||
Delica | 52.71 ± 1.08 a,e | 4.87 ± 0.21 a,b | 49.28 ± 0.89 c,e | 49.52 ± 0.97 c,e | 84.36 ± 1.51 c,d |
Delica vanity | 26.98 ± 1.08 c | 10.47 ± 0.42 d | 25.19 ± 1.13 d | 27.28 ± 1.22 d | 67.43 ± 1.94 b |
Hokkaido | 45.98 ± 1.95 d | 5.18 ± 0.18 a,b | 41.58 ± 2.43 a | 41.90 ± 1.97 a,b | 82.90 ± 1.08 c |
Mantovana | 56.87 ± 2.47 e | 2.58 ± 0.05 b | 48.62 ± 1.77 e | 48.69 ± 1.15 e | 86.96 ± 2.03 d |
Cultivar | Yield (%) | TCC (μg β-CE/g) | ABTS (μg TE/g) | ORAC (μg TE/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
C. moschata species | ||||
Butternut | 1.63 ± 0.20 a,b | 161.08 ± 7.80 a | 280.91 ± 27.45 a | 1352.34 ± 10.34 a |
Lunga di Napoli | 1.29 ± 0.06 a,d | 303.27 ± 2.08 b | 343.13 ± 18.82 a,b | 1802.54 ± 76.54 a,b |
Moscata di Provenza | 2.00 ± 0.25 b,e | 365.73 ± 9.49 c | 417.62 ± 53.94 b,c,e | 1500.30 ± 53.04 a,d |
Violina rugosa | 1.42 ± 0.15 a,d | 443.89 ± 7.58 d | 525.39 ± 32.24 c,f | 2560.11 ± 324.24 b |
C. maxima species | ||||
Delica | 4.15 ± 0.00 c | 379.36 ± 44.08 c | 1192.11 ± 48.44 d | 3996.18 ± 72.58 c |
Delica vanity | 1.03 ± 0.01 d | 241.32 ± 21.55 e | 313.23 ± 16.22 a,e | 1267.86 ± 166.22 a |
Hokkaido | 1.58 ± 0.06 a,b | 310.77 ± 23.82 b | 548.41 ± 68.45 f | 2341.24 ± 68.45 b,d |
Mantovana | 2.20 ± 0.28 e | 247.05 ± 13.62 e | 500.90 ± 11.69 c,f | 2615.96 ± 52.10 b |
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Pinna, N.; Ianni, F.; Conte, C.; Codini, M.; di Vito, R.; Urbani, S.; Selvaggini, R.; Cossignani, L.; Blasi, F. Carotenoids from Different Pumpkin Varieties Exert a Cytotoxic Effect on Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Nutrients 2024, 16, 3043. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16173043
Pinna N, Ianni F, Conte C, Codini M, di Vito R, Urbani S, Selvaggini R, Cossignani L, Blasi F. Carotenoids from Different Pumpkin Varieties Exert a Cytotoxic Effect on Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):3043. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16173043
Chicago/Turabian StylePinna, Nicola, Federica Ianni, Carmela Conte, Michela Codini, Raffaella di Vito, Stefania Urbani, Roberto Selvaggini, Lina Cossignani, and Francesca Blasi. 2024. "Carotenoids from Different Pumpkin Varieties Exert a Cytotoxic Effect on Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 3043. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16173043