Synergistic Enhancement of 5-Fluorouracil Chemotherapeutic Efficacy by Taurine in Colon Cancer Rat Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Protocol
2.2. Colon Analysis and Processing
2.3. Immunohistochemical Assay
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Immunohistochemistry
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group A—Induced (DMH) (43) | Group B—Non-Induced (Saline Solution) (40) | ||
---|---|---|---|
C (+) | Vehicle * (10) | C (-) | Vehicle * (10) |
TAU (+) | Taurine ** (11) | TAU (-) | Taurine ** (10) |
5-FU (+) | 5-FU *** (11) | 5-FU (-) | 5-FU *** (10) |
5-FU+TAU (+) | Taurine ** e 5-FU ***; (11) | 5-FU+TAU (-) | Taurine ** e 5-FU *** (10) |
C (-) | C (+) | TAU (-) | TAU (+) | 5FU (-) | 5FU (+) | 5FU + TAU (-) | 5FU + TAU (+) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adenoma (A) | 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.10 a | 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.09 a | 0.00 | 0.18 ± 0.12 a. | 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.09 a | |
Adenocarcinoma (AC) | 0.00 | 0.40 ± 0.22 a,d,h | 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.09 a,b,f,h | 0.00 | 0.45 ± 0.20 a,d,h | 0.00 | 0.00 a,b,d,f | |
Inflammatory infiltrate | 0.59 ± 0.09 | 0.56 ± 0.06 | 0.65 ± 0.15 | 0.67 ± 0.09 | 0.94 ± 0.13 a,c,d,f,h | 0.67 ± 0.06 | 0.59 ± 0.09 | 0.71 ± 0.08 e | |
Submucosal inflammation Intensity | 2.25 ± 0.01 | 2.20 ± 0.08 | 2.50 ± 0.11 | 2.82 ± 0.10 g | 2.50 ± 0.13 | 2.27 ± 0.12 | 2.25 ± 0.12 | 2.36 ± 0.12 | |
Mucosa—loss of continuity | 0.40 ± 0.16 | 0.10 ± 0.10 i | 0.20 ± 0.13 a,b,e,f,g,h | 0.18± 0.12 | 0.0 g | 0.91 ± 0.09 | 0.40 ± 0.16 b,c,d,e | 0.55 ± 0.16 i | |
Mucosa appearance | 1.80 ± 0.25 | 2.00 ± 0.15 | 1.80 ± 0.13 | 2.00 ± 0.19 | 2.10 ± 0.10 | 1.09 ± 0.09 i | 1.80 ± 0.25 | 1.36 ± 0.15 i | |
Muscular—loss of continuity | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.09 | |
Muscular tissue appearance | 1.6 ± 0.16 | 1.90 ± 0.10 | 1.80 ± 0.13 | 1.82 ± 0.18 | 2.10 ± 0.10 | 1.18 ± 0.12 b,c,d,e,g | 1.60 ± 0.16 | 1.36 ± 0.15 b,c,d,e,g | |
Mucus production | 2.20 ± 0.24 h | 2.05 ± 0.09 h | 1.95 ± 0.14 h | 1.95 ± 0.20 h | 2.30 ± 0.13 h | 1.41 ± 0.22 | 2.20 ± 0.24 h | 1.81 ± 0.19 h |
Group | Adenomas (%) | Adenocarcinomas (%) |
---|---|---|
C(+) | 20% | 80% |
5FU(+) | 30% | 70% |
TAU(+) | 50% | 50% |
5FU+TAU(+) | 100% adenomas | 0% adenocarcinomas |
Group | Control + | Taurine + | 5-FU + | 5-FU/Taurine + |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 20 (σ) | n = 13 (σ) | n = 20 (σ) | n = 12 (σ) | |
β-catenin (Q) | 3.65 ± 0.67 | 3.92 ± 0.28 | 3.90 ± 0.31 | 4.00 ± 0.00 |
β-catenin (I) | 2.40 ± 0.68 | 1.92 ± 0.86 | 3.00 ± 0.00 | 2.58 ± 0.79 |
β-catenin (S) | 8.70 ± 2.87 | 7.62 ± 3.55 | 11.70 ± 0.92 | 10.33 ± 3.71 a,b ****, c ** |
p-53 (Q) | 0.30 ± 0.73 | 0.62 ± 1.12 | 0.50 ± 2.01 | 0.33 ± 0.49 |
p-53 (I) | 0.20 ± 0.52 | 0.54 ± 0.78 | 0.10 ± 0.45 | 0.67 ± 0.98 |
p-53 (S) | 0.40 ± 1.05 | 1.00 ± 2.20 | 0.10 ± 0.45 | 0.67 ± 0.98 |
K-ras (Q) | 1.05 ± 1.50 | 1.31 ± 1.49 | 1.10 ± 1.48 | 1.92 ± 1.38 |
K-ras (I) | 0.60 ± 0.88 | 0.77 ± 0.93 | 0.60 ± 0.75 | 1.42 ± 0.90 |
K-ras (S) | 1.50 ± 2.33 | 1.69 ± 1.97 | 1.40 ± 2.06 | 2.92 ± 2.11 a,c * |
Ki-67 (Q) | 0.25 ± 0.44 | 0.46 ± 0.52 | 0.20 ± 0.41) | 0.45 ± 0.52 |
Ki-67 (I) | 0.80 ± 1.44 | 1.62 ± 1.56 | 0.75 ± 1.33 | 1.09 ± 1.30 |
Ki-67 (S) | 0.80 ± 1.44 | 1.38 ± 1.56 | 0.60 ± 1.23 | 1.00 ± 1.28 |
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Jornada, D.H.; Boreski, D.; Chiba, D.E.; Ligeiro, D.; Luz, M.A.M.; Gabriel, E.A.; Scarim, C.B.; de Andrade, C.R.; Chin, C.M. Synergistic Enhancement of 5-Fluorouracil Chemotherapeutic Efficacy by Taurine in Colon Cancer Rat Model. Nutrients 2024, 16, 3047. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183047
Jornada DH, Boreski D, Chiba DE, Ligeiro D, Luz MAM, Gabriel EA, Scarim CB, de Andrade CR, Chin CM. Synergistic Enhancement of 5-Fluorouracil Chemotherapeutic Efficacy by Taurine in Colon Cancer Rat Model. Nutrients. 2024; 16(18):3047. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183047
Chicago/Turabian StyleJornada, Daniela Hartmann, Diogo Boreski, Diego Eidy Chiba, Denise Ligeiro, Marcus Alexandre Mendes Luz, Edmo Atique Gabriel, Cauê Benito Scarim, Cleverton Roberto de Andrade, and Chung Man Chin. 2024. "Synergistic Enhancement of 5-Fluorouracil Chemotherapeutic Efficacy by Taurine in Colon Cancer Rat Model" Nutrients 16, no. 18: 3047. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183047