Assessing the Knowledge and Beliefs of Greek Dietitians and Nutritionists on Nutritional Genomics: A Survey-Based Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Population
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics of Sample Population
3.2. Assessment of Knowledge on Nutritional Genomics
3.3. The Use of the Science of Nutritional Genomics in Everyday Practice and Future Perspectives
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SNPs | Single nucleotide polymorphisms |
HCPs | Healthcare professionals |
DTCGT | Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing |
GDPR | General Data Protection Regulation |
FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
RDNs | Registered dietitians and nutritionists |
ANOVA | Analysis of variance |
TEI | Technological Educational Institute |
HEI | Higher Education Institution |
MSc | Master of Science |
PhD | Doctor of Philosophy |
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Variable | Categories | n (%) |
---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 26 (16.8%) |
Female | 129 (83.2%) | |
Age group | <25 | 20 (12.9%) |
25–35 | 73 (47.1%) | |
36–45 | 45 (29.0%) | |
>46 | 17 (11.0%) | |
Education | TEI graduate | 53 (34.2%) |
HEI graduate | 44 (28.4%) | |
MSc graduate | 53 (34.2%) | |
PhD graduate | 5 (3.2%) | |
Work experience (years) | <5 | 67 (43.2%) |
5–10 | 39 (25.2%) | |
11–20 | 41 (26.5%) | |
>20 | 8 (5.2%) | |
Employment status | Currently unemployed | 18 (11.6%) |
Currently employed | 137 (88.4%) | |
Occupation type | Currently unemployed | 18 (11.6%) |
Dietitian’s office | 76 (49%) | |
Home visits | 26 (16.8%) | |
Not working | 18 (11.6%) | |
Hospital/private clinic | 11 (7.1%) | |
Research | 5 (3.2%) | |
Pharmaceutical company | 2 (1.3%) | |
Gym | 2 (1.3%) | |
Education | 1 (0.6%) | |
Municipality | 1 (0.6%) | |
Journalism and social media | 1 (0.6%) | |
Other | 12 (7.7%) | |
Place of residence | Village | 9 (5.8%) |
Countryside | 21 (13.5%) | |
City (>20,000 residents) | 125 (80.6%) | |
Income (€) | <500 | 30 (19.4%) |
500–1000 | 61 (39.4%) | |
1000–2000 | 41 (26.5%) | |
2000–3000 | 16 (10.3%) | |
>3000 | 7 (4.5%) |
Questions/Declarations | Correct Answers (%) |
---|---|
8. Does each organism respond differently to food components? | 83.2% |
21. On what measurements are commercially available nutrigenetic tests based? | 83.2% |
12. Does the science of nutrigenetics aim to change our genetic profile? | 80.6% |
22. Following up on the previous question, how is the sampling conducted? | 80.0% |
13. Currently, have many genes responsible for various conditions been analyzed? | 78.7% |
23. How is Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) isolated for conducting the test? | 78.7% |
24. Genetic polymorphism testing provides the necessary information for the scientist to create a personalized nutrition plan for the individual. | 76.8% |
20. Nutrigenetic testing is not relevant for athletes or young children at all. | 75.5% |
6. Nutrigenetics is the science that studies how the body responds to different nutrients based on its genetic background? | 70.3% |
25. With the help of nutrigenetic testing, is the dietitian able to provide recommendations on the amounts of caffeine, alcohol, and salt that the individual should consume? | 66.5% |
7. Nutrigenomics studies the role of food in how genes are expressed. In other words, this science explores how the function and expression of genes are influenced by nutrients. | 66.5% |
9. Does nutrigenetics study gene polymorphisms? | 63.9% |
4. Has knowledge of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics facilitated a better understanding and potential practical application of molecular nutrition? | 63.2% |
18. Does a reliable nutrigenetic test provide information about diseases that the individual will definitely develop? | 61.3% |
5. Is nutrigenetics a type of diet? | 60.0% |
19. How often is it recommended to undergo a nutrigenetic test? | 57.4% |
17. Are there polymorphisms that appear to promote weight loss after adhering to dietary plans with specific macronutrient ratios (e.g., high-protein or low-fat diets)? | 56.8% |
10. Does a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) result from the substitution of a base in an allele and is the most common cause of genetic diversity? | 41.9% |
3. Our genome differs by 0.1%. | 41.9% |
1. Has the decoding of the human genome already been completed? | 34.2% |
15. Is the most common gene associated with the onset of Alzheimer’s disease called Apolipoprotein E (APOE)? | 34.2% |
14. Is the Fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene directly related to hypertension? | 29.7% |
11. Do SNPs change during our lifetime? | 26.5% |
2. The human genome consists of approximately 2.9 billion nucleotides/20,000 coding genes? | 21.3% |
16. Has the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene been associated with reduced food intake in children? | 6.5% |
Variable | S-Score | p-Value | E-Score | p-Value | H-Score | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||||
Female | 14.84 ± 5.19 | 0.046 | 9.15 ± 2.81 | 0.006 | 5.69 ± 2.75 | 0.157 |
Male | 12.15 ± 6.17 | 7.38 ± 3.62 | 4.77 ± 3.00 | |||
Age group | ||||||
<25 | 14.95 ± 4.70 | 0.031 | 8.80 ± 2.82 | 0.050 | 6.15 ± 2.25 | 0.040 |
25–35 | 15.10 ± 5.09 * | 9.26 ± 2.81 * | 5.84 ± 2.68 * | |||
36–45 | 14.33 ± 5.71 | 8.91 ± 3.09 | 5.42 ± 2.97 | |||
>45 | 10.82 ± 5.96 * | 7.00 ± 3.48 * | 3.82 ± 3.0 * | |||
Education | ||||||
TEI | 12.19 ± 5.48 *⤉ | 0.0003 | 7.72 ± 3.27 *⤉ | 0.001 | 4.47 ± 2.62 *⤉ | 0.001 |
HEI | 16.27 ± 4.05 * | 9.70 ± 2.16 * | 6.57 ± 2.28 * | |||
MSc | 15.36 ± 5.66 ⤉ | 9.47 ± 3.02 ⤉ | 5.89 ± 3.04 ⤉ | |||
PhD | 10.80 ± 4.60 | 6.80 ± 2.78 | 4.00 ± 2.55 | |||
Place of residence | ||||||
Village | 12.89 ± 4.99 | 0.479 | 8.78 ± 2.95 | 0.861 | 4.11 ± 2.52 | 0.159 |
Small city | 13.52 ± 5.65 | 8.52 ± 2.99 | 5.00 ± 2.93 | |||
City (>20,000 residents) | 14.64 ± 5.44 | 8.91 ± 3.05 | 5.73 ± 2.78 | |||
Employment status | ||||||
Currently employed | 14.56 ± 5.41 | 0.296 | 9.00 ± 3.03 | 0.083 | 5.56 ± 2.78 | 0.765 |
Currently unemployed | 13.06 ± 5.63 | 7.72 ± 2.78 | 5.33 ± 3.05 | |||
Work experience (years) | ||||||
<5 | 14.49 ± 5.54 | 0.693 | 8.73 ± 3.07 | 0.817 | 5.76 ± 2.83 | 0.435 |
5–10 | 15.05 ± 5.26 | 9.26 ± 2.88 | 5.79 ± 2.80 | |||
11–20 | 13.83 ± 5.84 | 8.71 ± 3.33 | 5.12 ± 2.89 | |||
>20 | 13.13 ± 3.14 | 8.63 ± 1.30 | 4.50 ± 2.00 | |||
Income (€) | ||||||
<500 | 14.87 ± 5.08 | 0.703 | 8.87 ± 2.75 | 0.735 | 6.00 ± 2.83 | 0.577 |
500–1000 | 14.89 ± 4.78 | 9.15 ± 2.66 | 5.74 ± 2.56 | |||
1001–2000 | 13.37 ± 5.86 | 8.34 ± 3.24 | 5.02 ± 2.96 | |||
2001–3000 | 14.25 ± 7.06 | 8.75 ± 4.22 | 5.50 ± 2.99 | |||
>3000 | 14.29 ± 6.34 | 9.43 ± 3.05 | 4.86 ± 3.58 |
Variable | S-Score | p-Value | E-Score | p-Value | H-Score | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interest in genetics | ||||||
No | 4.25 ± 2.66 | 0.001 | 7.41 ± 3.07 | 0.001 | 4.25 ± 2.66 | 0.041 |
Yes | 6.87 ± 2.29 | 10.36 ± 2.10 | 6.87 ± 2.29 | |||
Capable of interpreting results | ||||||
No | 12.54 ± 5.26 | 0.026 | 7.85 ± 3.04 | 0.003 | 4.69 ± 2.64 | 0.240 |
Yes | 17.56 ± 4.12 | 10.58 ± 2.06 | 6.98 ± 2.47 | |||
Perception of applicability | ||||||
No | 11.39 ± 6.40 | 0.004 | 7.17 ± 3.66 | 0.002 | 4.22 ± 3.01 | 0.077 |
Yes | 15.29 ± 4.78 | 9.36 ± 2.61 | 5.93 ± 2.63 | |||
Perception of results improvement | ||||||
No | 10.69 ± 5.62 | 0.257 | 6.78 ± 3.41 | 0.012 | 3.92 ± 2.58 | 0.880 |
Yes | 15.5 ± 4.87 | 9.48 ± 2.59 | 6.03 ± 2.69 | |||
Expansion of clients | ||||||
No | 12.86 ± 6.51 | 0.016 | 7.83 ± 3.80 | 0.001 | 5.03 ± 3.15 | 0.240 |
Yes | 14.83 ± 5.02 | 9.15 ± 2.70 | 5.68 ± 2.69 | |||
Self-reported level of knowledge | ||||||
Low | 12.01 ± 5.20 * | <0.001 | 7.60 ± 2.97 * | <0.001 | 4.41 ± 2.69 * | <0.001 |
Intermediate | 16.36 ± 4.5 * | 10.02 ± 2.58 * | 6.34 ± 2.28 * | |||
Good | 18.85 ± 3.63 * | 10.69 ± 1.75 * | 8.15 ± 2.34 * | |||
Very good | 21 ± 1 * | 12.00 ± 1 * | 9 ± 1 * | |||
Frequency of updates on nutritional science | ||||||
Rarely | 8.86 ± 5.99 * | <0.001 | 5.79 ± 3.73 * | <0.001 | 3.07 ± 2.46 * | <0.001 |
Monthly | 13 ± 4.55 | 8.33 ± 2.40 * | 4.67 ± 2.59 ⤉ | |||
Weekly | 15.53 ± 5.4 * | 9.21 ± 3.03 * | 6.33 ± 2.83 *⤉ | |||
Daily | 15.65 ± 4.92 * | 9.6 ± 2.73 * | 6.05 ± 2.58 * |
Beta | SE | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex (female vs. male) | 1.372 | 0.846 | 1.07 × 10−1 |
Age group (Ref. <25 years old) | |||
25–35 | 0.829 | 1.037 | 4.26 × 10−1 |
36–45 | 0.316 | 1.170 | 7.87 × 10−1 |
>45 | −2.566 | 1.376 | 6.44 × 10−2 |
Education (Ref. TEI) | |||
HEI | 2.713 | 0.828 | 1.33 × 10−3 |
MSc | 2.118 | 0.757 | 5.92 × 10−3 |
PhD | 2.492 | 1.876 | 1.87 × 10−1 |
Interest in genetics (yes vs. no) | 3.002 | 0.708 | 4.14 × 10−5 |
Capable of interpreting results (yes vs. no) | 1.986 | 0.752 | 9.07 × 10−3 |
Frequency of updates on nutritional science (Ref. rarely) | |||
Monthly | 2.245 | 1.244 | 7.32 × 10−2 |
Weekly | 4.203 | 1.188 | 5.50 × 10−4 |
Daily | 3.401 | 1.179 | 4.55 × 10−3 |
Perception of results improvement (yes vs. no) | 2.859 | 0.761 | 2.52 × 10−4 |
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Share and Cite
Kalafati, I.P.; Alexandrou, T.; Mentsiou-Nikolaou, E.; Chourdakis, M.; Dedoussis, G.V. Assessing the Knowledge and Beliefs of Greek Dietitians and Nutritionists on Nutritional Genomics: A Survey-Based Study. Nutrients 2025, 17, 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071107
Kalafati IP, Alexandrou T, Mentsiou-Nikolaou E, Chourdakis M, Dedoussis GV. Assessing the Knowledge and Beliefs of Greek Dietitians and Nutritionists on Nutritional Genomics: A Survey-Based Study. Nutrients. 2025; 17(7):1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071107
Chicago/Turabian StyleKalafati, Ioanna Panagiota, Theodora Alexandrou, Evangelia Mentsiou-Nikolaou, Michael Chourdakis, and George V. Dedoussis. 2025. "Assessing the Knowledge and Beliefs of Greek Dietitians and Nutritionists on Nutritional Genomics: A Survey-Based Study" Nutrients 17, no. 7: 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071107
APA StyleKalafati, I. P., Alexandrou, T., Mentsiou-Nikolaou, E., Chourdakis, M., & Dedoussis, G. V. (2025). Assessing the Knowledge and Beliefs of Greek Dietitians and Nutritionists on Nutritional Genomics: A Survey-Based Study. Nutrients, 17(7), 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071107