The Contribution of Fortified Ready-to-Eat Cereal to Vitamin and Mineral Intake in the U.S. Population, NHANES 2007–2010
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) and Contribution of RTEC Fortification
Micronutrient | With Fortification | No Fortification | % Increase * |
---|---|---|---|
Calcium (mg) | 45.32 ± 1.05 | 47.58 ± 1.03 | 5.0 |
Copper | 3.96 ± 0.48 | 4.68 ± 1.03 | 18.1 |
Folate, DFE (mcg) c | 4.42 ± 0.46 | 11.56 ± 1.03 | 161.5 * |
Iron (mg) c | 2.43 ± 0.25 | 6.40 ± 0.47 | 16.3 * |
Magnesium (mg) | 35.35 ± 0.96 | 37.60 ± 0.96 | 6.3 |
Niacin (mg) c | 0.60 ± 0.16 | 1.53 ± 0.34 | 155.0 * |
Phosphorus (mg) | 16.29 ± 0.95 | 17.67 ± 0.94 | 8.4 |
Potassium | 98.22 ± 0.20 | 98.4 7± 0.16 | 0.2 |
Vitamin B2 (mg) c | 1.38 ± 0.20 | 2.31 ± 0.31 | 67.3 * |
Selenium (mcg) | 0.19 ± 0.07 | 0.23 ± 0.09 | 21.0 |
Sodium (mg) a | 0.53 ± 0.14 | 0.72 ± 0.18 | 35.8 |
Thiamin (vitamin B1, mg) c | 2.15 ± 0.38 | 4.58 ± 0.64 | 113.0 * |
Total choline (mg) a | 77.99 ± 0.83 | 78.65 ± 0.81 | 0.85 |
Vitamin A, RAE (mcg) c | 24.90 ± 0.98 | 33.70 ± 0.88 | 35.3 * |
Vitamin B12 (mcg) c | 1.51 ± 0.98 | 2.48 ± 0.49 | 64.2 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) c | 3.29 ± 0.42 | 7.18 ± 0.80 | 118.2 * |
Vitamin C (mg) | 21.34 ± 0.82 | 23.77 ± 0.97 | 11.3 |
Vitamin D (D2 + D3, mcg) | 88.21 ± 0.69 | 91.14 ± 0.55 | 3.3 * |
Vitamin E b (mg) | 77.77 ± 0.79 | 80.83 ± 0.77 | 3.9 * |
Vitamin K (mcg) a | 58.84 ± 1.27 | 59.37 ± 0.77 | 0.9 |
Zinc (mg) c | 8.55 ± 0.89 | 13.75 ± 1.15 | 60.8 * |
Micronutrient | With Fortification | No Fortification | % Increase * |
---|---|---|---|
Calcium (mg) | 42.07 ± 0.70 | 44.00 ± 0.68 | 4.5 * |
Copper | 4.12 ± 0.55 | 4.93 ± 0.63 | 19.6 |
Folate, DFE (mcg) c | 10.77 ± 0.61 | 19.91 ± 0.94 | 84.7 * |
Iron (mg) c | 4.58 ± 0.32 | 6.99 ± 0.36 | 52.2 * |
Magnesium (mg) | 55.85 ± 0.78 | 60.50 ± 0.73 | 8.3 * |
Niacin (mg) c | 1.30 ± 0.28 | 2.34 ± 0.39 | 80.0 * |
Phosphorus (mg) | 0.74 ± 0.17 | 0.85 ± 0.18 | 14.8 |
Potassium | 97.73 ± 0.29 | 98.06 ± 0.27 | 0.3 |
Riboflavin (vitamin B2, mg) | 2.23 ± 0.20 | 3.04 ± 0.25 | 36.3 * |
Selenium (mcg) | 0.39 ± 0.13 | 0.50 ± 0.16 | 28.2 |
Sodium (mg) a | 0.25 ± 0.10 | 0.31 ± 0.12 | 24.0 |
Thiamin (vitamin B1, mg) c | 5.28 ± 0.63 | 8.90 ± 0.91 | 68.5 * |
Total choline (mg) a | 94.12 ± 0.53 | 94.32 ± 0.50 | 0.21 |
Vitamin A, RAE (mcg) c | 46.84 ± 1.15 | 54.84 ± 1.11 | 17.0 * |
Vitamin B12 (mcg) c | 2.75 ± 0.33 | 4.27 ± 0.61 | 55.2 * |
Vitamin B6 (mg) c | 11.18 ± 0.79 | 18.07 ± 0.99 | 61.6 * |
Vitamin C (mg) | 42.02 ± 0.85 | 44.83 ± 0.86 | 4.2 |
Vitamin D (D2 + D3, mcg) | 95.71 ± 0.45 | 96.75 ± 0.37 | 4.2 |
Vitamin E b (mg) | 91.18 ± 0.61 | 93.37 ± 0.60 | 2.4 * |
Vitamin K (mcg) a | 68.37 ± 0.99 | 68.39 ± 0.98 | 0.03 |
Zinc (mg) c | 12.32 ± 0.72 | 17.09 ± 0.88 | 38.7 * |
3.2. Percentage of Population with Micronutrient Intake above the UL
Micronutrient | With Fortification | No Fortification | % Increase * |
---|---|---|---|
Calcium (mg) | 42.87 ± 0.62 | 44.87 ± 0.62 | 4.6 * |
Copper | 4.12 ± 0.49 | 4.79 ± 0.54 | 16.2 |
Folate, DFE (mcg) c | 9.33 ± 0.53 | 17.91 ± 0.81 | 91.9 * |
Iron (mg) c | 4.06 ± 0.28 | 6.85 ± 0.33 | 687 * |
Magnesium (mg) | 50.82 ± 0.57 | 55.05 ± 0.60 | 8.3 * |
Niacin (mg) c | 1.12 ± 0.23 | 2.18 ± 0.36 | 94.6 * |
Phosphorus (mg) | 4.51 ± 0.30 | 4.96 ± 0.32 | 9.9 |
Potassium | 97.81 ± 0.27 | 98.16 ± 0.23 | 0.36 |
Riboflavin (vitamin B2, mg) | 2.00 ± 0.19 | 2.88 ± 0.25 | 44.0 * |
Selenium (mcg) | 0.34 ± 0.11 | 0.44 ± 0.13 | 29.4 |
Sodium (mg) a | 0.30 ± 0.11 | 0.41 ± 0.13 | 36.6 * |
Thiamin (vitamin B1, mg) c | 4.48 ± 0.53 | 7.83 ± 0.78 | 74.7 * |
Total choline (mg) a | 90.19 ± 0.49 | 90.56 ± 0.46 | 0.4 |
Vitamin A, RAE (mcg) c | 41.53 ± 0.97 | 49.74 ± 0.93 | 19.7 * |
Vitamin B12 (mcg) c | 2.47 ± 0.29 | 3.84 ± 0.55 | 55.4 * |
Vitamin B6 (mg) c | 9.27 ± 0.68 | 15.46 ± 0.84 | 66.7 * |
Vitamin C (mg) | 37.73 ± 0.66 | 39.65 ± 0.62 | 5.0 * |
Vitamin D (D2 + D3, mcg) | 93.91 ± 0.46 | 95.42 ± 0.38 | 1.6 * |
Vitamin E b (mg) | 87.90 ± 0.56 | 90.35 ± 0.53 | 2.7 * |
Vitamin K (mcg) a | 66.03 ± 0.84 | 66.22 ± 0.83 | 0.2 |
Zinc (mg) c | 11.47 ± 0.69 | 16.33 ± 0.82 | 42.3 * |
Micronutrient | Ages 2–18 | p-Values a | Ages 19–99 | p-Values a | Ages 2–99 | p-Values * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% Increase | % Increase | % Increase | ||||
Calcium | 5.0 | 0.12 | 4.5 | 0.04 * | 4.6 | 0.02 * |
Copper | 18.1 | 0.31 | 19.6 | 0.33 | 16.2 | 0.35 |
Folate, DFE | 161.5 | 0.00 * | 84.8 | 0.00 * | 91.9 | 0.00 * |
Iron | 163.3 | 0.00 * | 52.6 | 0.00 * | 68.7 | 0.00 * |
Magnesium | 6.3 | 0.09 | 8.3 | 0.00 * | 8.3 | 0.00 * |
Niacin | 155.0 | 0.01 * | 80.0 | 0.02 * | 94.6 | 0.01 * |
Phosphorous | 8.4 | 0.30 | 14.8 | 0.63 | 9.9 | 0.30 |
Potassium | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.33 |
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) | 67.3 | 0.01 * | 36.3 | 0.01 * | 44.0 | 0.00 * |
Selenium | 21.0 | 0.66 | 28.2 | 0.60 | 29.4 | 0.57 |
Sodium | 33.8 | 0.40 | 24.0 | 0.69 | 36.6 | 0.02 * |
Thiamin (vitamin B1) | 113.0 | 0.00 * | 68.5 | 0.00 * | 74.7 | 0.00 * |
Total choline | 0.85 | 0.56 | 0.21 | 0.77 | 0.41 | 0.57 |
Vitamin A, RAE | 35.3 | 0.00 * | 17.0 | 0.00 * | 19.7 | 0.00 * |
Vitamin B12 | 64.2 | 0.09 | 55.2 | 0.02 * | 55.4 | 0.02 * |
Vitamin B6 | 118.2 | 0.00 * | 61.6 | 0.00 * | 66.7 | 0.00 * |
Vitamin C | 11.3 | 0.05 | 4.2 | 0.13 | 5.0 | 0.03 |
Vitamin D | 3.3 | 0.00 * | 1.0 | 0.07 | 1.6 | 0.01 * |
Vitamin E | 3.9 | 0.00 * | 2.4 | 0.01 * | 2.7 | 0.00 * |
Vitamin K | 0.90 | 0.77 | 0.03 | 0.99 | 0.29 | 0.87 |
Zinc | 60.8 | 0.00 * | 38.7 | 0.00 * | 42.3 | 0.00 * |
3.3. Percentage of Individuals below the AI with Fortified RTEC Micronutrients
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fulgoni, V.L., III; Buckley, R.B. The Contribution of Fortified Ready-to-Eat Cereal to Vitamin and Mineral Intake in the U.S. Population, NHANES 2007–2010. Nutrients 2015, 7, 3949-3958. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7063949
Fulgoni VL III, Buckley RB. The Contribution of Fortified Ready-to-Eat Cereal to Vitamin and Mineral Intake in the U.S. Population, NHANES 2007–2010. Nutrients. 2015; 7(6):3949-3958. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7063949
Chicago/Turabian StyleFulgoni, Victor L., III, and Rita B. Buckley. 2015. "The Contribution of Fortified Ready-to-Eat Cereal to Vitamin and Mineral Intake in the U.S. Population, NHANES 2007–2010" Nutrients 7, no. 6: 3949-3958. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7063949