Novel Action of Carotenoids on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Macrophage Polarization and Liver Homeostasis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Micronutrients and NAFLD/NASH Management
3. Liver Macrophages in NAFLD/NASH
3.1. Molecular Determinants of Macrophage Polarization
3.2. Function of Liver Macrophages in NAFLD/NASH
4. Carotenoids and NAFLD/NASH
4.1. β-Cryptoxanthin
4.2. Astaxanthin
4.3. Other Carotenoids and NAFLD
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
NAFLD | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
NASH | Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis |
HCC | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
KC | Kupffer cell |
HSC | Hepatic stellate cell |
TLR | Toll-like receptor |
LPS | Lipopolysaccharide |
IFN-γ | Interferon-gamma |
IRF | Interferon Regulatory Factor |
STAT | Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription |
SOCS | Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling |
PPAR | Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor |
KLF4 | Krüppel-Like Factor 4 |
ECM | Extracellular Matrix |
CCL | C-C chemokine ligand |
CCR | C-C chemokine receptor |
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Ni, Y.; Zhuge, F.; Nagashimada, M.; Ota, T. Novel Action of Carotenoids on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Macrophage Polarization and Liver Homeostasis. Nutrients 2016, 8, 391. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070391
Ni Y, Zhuge F, Nagashimada M, Ota T. Novel Action of Carotenoids on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Macrophage Polarization and Liver Homeostasis. Nutrients. 2016; 8(7):391. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070391
Chicago/Turabian StyleNi, Yinhua, Fen Zhuge, Mayumi Nagashimada, and Tsuguhito Ota. 2016. "Novel Action of Carotenoids on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Macrophage Polarization and Liver Homeostasis" Nutrients 8, no. 7: 391. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070391