The Risk of Being Obese According to Short Sleep Duration Is Modulated after Menopause in Korean Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Subject Selection
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Menopausal Status
2.4. Anthropometric Variables and Obesity Definition
2.5. Biochemical Variables
2.6. Sleep Duration Assessment
2.7. Dietary Consumption Assessment
2.8. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Premenopausal (n = 9268) | Postmenopausal (n = 8573) | p-Value * | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 35.71 ± 0.14 | 62.85 ± 0.15 | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 159.46 ± 0.08 | 153.34 ± 0.09 | <0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 57.38 ± 0.13 | 57.24 ± 0.14 | 0.460 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.58 ± 0.05 | 24.31 ± 0.05 | <0.001 |
WC (cm) | 75.37 ± 0.14 | 82.51 ± 0.17 | <0.001 |
Obesity prevalence (%) | 21.0 | 38.2 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 108.39 ± 0.18 | 126.83 ± 0.30 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 71.68 ± 0.14 | 77.13 ± 0.15 | <0.001 |
FG (mg/dL) | 91.06 ± 0.21 | 101.50 ± 0.39 | <0.001 |
TG (mg/dL) | 96.29 ± 0.99 | 138.29 ± 1.22 | <0.001 |
TC (mg/dL) | 179.34 ± 0.42 | 201.93 ± 0.55 | <0.001 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 56.06 ± 0.20 | 51.43 ± 0.20 | <0.001 |
Sleep duration (h/day) | 7.06 ± 0.02 | 6.47 ± 0.02 | <0.001 |
Physical activity (%) | 49.4 | 47.6 | 0.050 |
Current smoking (%) | 6.8 | 4.7 | <0.001 |
Alcohol drinking (%) | 49.8 | 26.1 | <0.001 |
Premenopausal (n = 9268) | Postmenopausal (n = 8573) | p-Value * | |
---|---|---|---|
Grains and products (g) | 134.79 ± 1.69 | 155.82 ± 2.30 | <0.001 |
Potatoes and products (g) | 42.23 ± 1.28 | 63.69 ± 1.98 | <0.001 |
Sugar and products (g) | 4.98 ± 0.12 | 4.63 ± 0.13 | 0.034 |
Tofu and products (g) | 30.02 ± 0.74 | 29.82 ± 0.83 | 0.844 |
Nuts and products (g) | 2.64 ± 0.13 | 3.08 ± 0.17 | 0.030 |
Vegetables and products (g) | 144.29 ± 2.64 | 159.60 ± 3.23 | <0.001 |
Mushrooms and products (g) | 10.65 ± 0.37 | 10.45 ± 0.57 | 0.765 |
Fruits and products (g) | 158.49 ± 2.67 | 169.06 ± 3.16 | 0.006 |
Meats and products (g) | 54.49 ± 1.05 | 51.85 ± 1.48 | 0.122 |
Eggs and products (g) | 22.57 ± 0.44 | 20.60 ± 0.53 | 0.003 |
Fish and shellfishes (g) | 29.68 ± 0.59 | 24.91 ± 0.66 | <0.001 |
Seaweed and products (g) | 5.20 ± 0.22 | 6.81 ± 0.34 | <0.001 |
Milk and products (g) | 123.18 ± 2.18 | 132.71 ± 2.68 | 0.003 |
Oil (g) | 4.03 ± 0.07 | 2.83 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
Seasoning (g) | 36.30 ± 2.01 | 25.21 ± 1.46 | <0.001 |
Sweet beverages (g) | 79.48 ± 2.36 | 45.18 ± 2.05 | <0.001 |
Tea (g) | 89.14 ± 4.18 | 46.01 ± 6.26 | <0.001 |
Alcohol drinks (g) | 174.97 ± 6.85 | 122.77 ± 7.44 | <0.001 |
Staple foods (g) | 169.96 ± 2.49 | 207.29 ± 3.26 | <0.001 |
Simple sugar-rich foods (g) | 81.50 ± 2.51 | 53.20 ± 2.67 | <0.001 |
Premenopausal (n = 9268) | Postmenopausal (n = 8573) | p-Interaction † | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤6.9 h (n = 2960) | ≥7.0 h (n = 6308) | p-Value * | p-Value ** | ≤6.0 h (n = 4297) | ≥7.0 h (n = 4276) | p-Value * | p-Value ** | ||
Age (years) | 37.28 ± 0.22 | 34.94 ± 0.16 | <0.001 | - | 63.63 ± 0.21 | 62.07 ± 0.21 | <0.001 | - | - |
Height (cm) | 159.08 ± 0.13 | 159.64 ± 0.09 | <0.001 | 0.641 | 153.14 ± 0.12 | 153.54 ± 0.12 | 0.019 | 0.398 | 0.061 |
Weight (kg) | 58.09 ± 0.22 | 57.04 ± 0.15 | <0.001 | 0.007 | 57.20 ± 0.17 | 57.28 ± 0.20 | 0.718 | 0.186 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.96 ± 0.08 | 22.39 ± 0.06 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 24.36 ± 0.06 | 24.27 ± 0.07 | 0.313 | 0.374 | <0.001 |
WC (cm) | 76.10 ± 0.22 | 75.02 ± 0.16 | <0.001 | 0.186 | 82.57 ± 0.20 | 82.44 ± 0.23 | 0.633 | 0.981 | 0.008 |
SBP (mmHg) | 109.68 ± 0.28 | 107.76 ± 0.21 | <0.001 | 0.028 | 126.89 ± 0.37 | 126.79 ± 0.38 | 0.844 | 0.053 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 72.54 ± 0.21 | 71.26 ± 0.16 | <0.001 | 0.024 | 76.99 ± 0.20 | 77.28 ± 0.19 | 0.255 | 0.381 | <0.001 |
FG (mg/dL) | 91.67 ± 0.36 | 90.77 ± 0.24 | 0.032 | 0.735 | 100.90 ± 0.46 | 102.14 ± 0.58 | 0.080 | 0.138 | 0.059 |
TG (mg/dL) | 96.70 ± 1.37 | 96.11 ± 1.27 | 0.746 | 0.104 | 136.97 ± 1.70 | 139.68 ± 1.73 | 0.260 | 0.102 | 0.015 |
TC (mg/dL) | 179.64 ± 0.67 | 179.21 ± 0.53 | 0.611 | 0.071 | 201.45 ± 0.69 | 202.42 ± 0.81 | 0345 | 0.344 | <0.001 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 56.13 ± 0.28 | 56.03 ± 0.23 | 0.737 | 0.131 | 51.73 ± 0.26 | 51.13 ± 0.26 | 0.071 | 0.005 | <0.001 |
Premenopausal (n = 9268) | Postmenopausal (n = 8573) | p-Interaction † | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤6.9 h (n = 2960) | ≥7.0 h (n = 6308) | p-Value * | p-Value ** | ≤6.0 h (n = 4297) | ≥7.0 h (n = 4276) | p-Value * | p-Value ** | ||
Grains and products (g) | 137.50 ± 1.96 | 133.43 ± 1.88 | 0.032 | 0.188 | 156.39 ± 2.47 | 155.24 ± 2.68 | 0.622 | 0.863 | 0.198 |
Potatoes and products (g) | 44.67 ± 2.52 | 41.10 ± 1.42 | 0.213 | 0.448 | 62.45 ± 2.69 | 65.09 ± 2.85 | 0.496 | 0.496 | 0.025 |
Sugar and products (g) | 5.19 ± 0.22 | 4.88 ± 0.13 | 0.199 | 0.148 | 4.55 ± 0.16 | 4.72 ± 0.19 | 0.472 | 0.491 | 0.200 |
Tofu and products (g) | 31.31 ± 1.37 | 29.38 ± 0.85 | 0.222 | 0.317 | 30.65 ± 1.27 | 28.97 ± 0.99 | 0.282 | 0.478 | 0.074 |
Nuts and products (g) | 2.75 ± 0.22 | 2.58 ± 0.16 | 0.545 | 0.717 | 2.93 ± 0.20 | 3.23 ± 0.27 | 0.350 | 0.441 | 0.405 |
Vegetables and products (g) | 152.09 ± 4.18 | 140.50 ± 2.77 | 0.006 | 0.102 | 161.16 ± 3.82 | 157.89 ± 3.82 | 0.422 | 0.351 | 0.031 |
Mushrooms and products (g) | 10.94 ± 0.69 | 10.51 ± 0.46 | 0.618 | 0.670 | 11.45 ± 0.90 | 9.52 ± 0.69 | 0.089 | 0.143 | 0.286 |
Fruits (g) | 159.91 ± 4.27 | 157.83 ± 3.17 | 0.679 | 0.794 | 168.58 ± 4.24 | 169.54 ± 4.04 | 0.858 | 0.848 | 0.611 |
Meats and products (g) | 55.31 ± 1.67 | 54.10 ± 1.20 | 0.518 | 0.331 | 52.16 ± 2.11 | 51.60 ± 1.93 | 0.839 | 0.778 | 0.772 |
Eggs and products (g) | 22.57 ± 0.66 | 22.57 ± 0.54 | 0.999 | 0.719 | 20.86 ± 0.73 | 20.35 ± 0.77 | 0.633 | 0.677 | 0.851 |
Fish and shellfishes (g) | 30.30 ± 0.96 | 29.40 ± 0.69 | 0.419 | 0.711 | 25.18 ± 0.87 | 24.63 ± 0.87 | 0.625 | 0.551 | 0.152 |
Seaweed and products (g) | 5.21 ± 0.39 | 5.20 ± 0.24 | 0.984 | 0.773 | 6.48 ± 0.46 | 7.15 ± 0.45 | 0.261 | 0.221 | 0.612 |
Milk and products (g) | 129.36 ± 3.60 | 120.36 ± 2.58 | 0.035 | 0.042 | 131.87 ± 3.62 | 133.45 ± 3.91 | 0.765 | 0.725 | 0.038 |
Oil and products (g) | 3.91 ± 0.10 | 4.09 ± 0.09 | 0.113 | 0.501 | 2.84 ± 0.08 | 2.82 ± 0.09 | 0.853 | 0.510 | 0.256 |
Seasoning (g) | 40.44 ± 3.12 | 34.30 ± 2.08 | 0.045 | 0.020 | 23.92 ± 1.44 | 26.54 ± 2.26 | 0.276 | 0.505 | 0.025 |
Sweet beverages (g) | 82.23 ± 4.27 | 78.24 ± 2.67 | 0.408 | 0.027 | 46.19 ± 3.03 | 44.04 ± 2.76 | 0.599 | 0.383 | <0.001 |
Tea (g) | 99.58 ± 7.60 | 83.29 ± 4.74 | 0.063 | 0.013 | 38.68 ± 4.34 | 53.16 ± 11.55 | 0.239 | 0.507 | 0.006 |
Alcohol drinks (g) | 186.05 ± 11.44 | 169.12 ± 8.64 | 0.242 | 0.559 | 117.61 ± 8.55 | 126.66 ± 12.08 | 0.543 | 0.287 | 0.098 |
Staple foods (g) | 177.49 ± 3.61 | 166.43 ± 2.77 | 0.004 | 0.026 | 205.54 ± 4.17 | 209.20 ± 4.14 | 0.477 | 0.255 | 0.028 |
Simple sugar-rich foods (g) | 84.95 ± 4.67 | 79.95 ± 2.92 | 0.358 | 0.044 | 56.23 ± 4.26 | 50.08 ± 3.13 | 0.240 | 0.148 | <0.001 |
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Doo, M.; Kim, Y. The Risk of Being Obese According to Short Sleep Duration Is Modulated after Menopause in Korean Women. Nutrients 2017, 9, 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030206
Doo M, Kim Y. The Risk of Being Obese According to Short Sleep Duration Is Modulated after Menopause in Korean Women. Nutrients. 2017; 9(3):206. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030206
Chicago/Turabian StyleDoo, Miae, and Yangha Kim. 2017. "The Risk of Being Obese According to Short Sleep Duration Is Modulated after Menopause in Korean Women" Nutrients 9, no. 3: 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030206