Does the Dietary Pattern of Shanghai Residents Change across Seasons and Area of Residence: Assessing Dietary Quality Using the Chinese Diet Balance Index (DBI)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Dietary Data Collection
2.3. Dietary Balance Index-07
2.4. Assessment of Other Variables
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Men (n = 836) | Women (n = 844) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % of Sub-Group | n | % of Sub-Group | |
Age group (years) | ||||
15–44 | 257 | 30.74 | 253 | 29.98 |
45–59 | 281 | 33.61 | 292 | 34.60 |
>60 | 298 | 35.65 | 299 | 35.43 |
Marital Status | ||||
Married | 668 | 79.90 | 643 | 76.18 |
Other marital status | 168 | 20.10 | 201 | 23.82 |
Occupation | ||||
Professional job | 215 | 25.72 | 144 | 17.06 |
Labor job | 103 | 12.32 | 75 | 8.89 |
Others | 518 | 61.96 | 625 | 74.05 |
Years of education | ||||
≤6 years | 170 | 20.33 | 227 | 26.90 |
7–9 years | 237 | 28.35 | 254 | 30.09 |
10–12 years | 215 | 25.72 | 191 | 22.63 |
>12 years | 214 | 25.60 | 172 | 20.38 |
Weight Status | ||||
Underweight | 26 | 3.11 | 31 | 3.67 |
Normal | 401 | 47.97 | 492 | 58.29 |
Overweight | 320 | 38.28 | 258 | 30.57 |
Obese | 80 | 9.57 | 35 | 4.15 |
Non-reported | 9 | 1.08 | 28 | 3.32 |
Smoker | ||||
No | 424 | 50.72 | 838 | 99.29 |
Yes | 412 | 49.28 | 6 | 0.71 |
Drinker | ||||
No | 500 | 59.81 | 775 | 91.82 |
Yes | 275 | 32.89 | 43 | 5.09 |
Non-reported | 61 | 7.30 | 26.00 | 3.08 |
Family Income | ||||
<20,000 RMB/person | 48 | 5.74 | 59 | 6.99 |
20,000–50,000 RMB/person | 251 | 30.02 | 273 | 32.35 |
>50,000 RMB/person | 204 | 24.40 | 204 | 24.17 |
Non-reported | 333 | 39.83 | 308 | 36.49 |
Region | ||||
Urban | 350 | 41.87 | 364 | 43.13 |
Suburban | 189 | 22.61 | 187 | 22.16 |
Rural | 220 | 30.74 | 213 | 29.98 |
Non-reported | 77 | 9.21 | 80.00 | 9.48 |
Components | Score Range | Seasons | Score | p-Value * | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(−12)–(−11) | (−10)–(−9) | (−8)–(−7) | (−6)–(−5) | (−4)–(−3) | (−2)–(−1) | 0 | (1)–(2) | (3)–(4) | (5)–(6) | (7)–(8) | (9)–(10) | (11)–(12) | ||||
Cereals | (−12)–(12) | Spring | 0.59 | 1.14 | 1.24 | 3.97 | 8.44 | 16.19 | 15.65 | 18.13 | 14.81 | 7.67 | 5.39 | 2.14 | 4.64 | <0.001 |
Summer | 0.67 | 0.39 | 1.62 | 6.17 | 12.06 | 17.53 | 18.43 | 15.36 | 10.85 | 5.72 | 4.42 | 3.28 | 3.49 | |||
Fall | 1.76 | 1.93 | 3.16 | 6.69 | 12.94 | 17.39 | 16.41 | 13.80 | 10.93 | 6.43 | 4.84 | 2.15 | 1.57 | |||
Winter | 0.35 | 0.98 | 1.70 | 4.33 | 10.71 | 16.17 | 19.99 | 14.60 | 10.57 | 7.97 | 5.21 | 2.45 | 4.97 | |||
Vegetables | (−6)–(0) | Spring | 0.25 | 44.14 | 41.96 | 13.65 | <0.001 | |||||||||
Summer | 0.23 | 33.11 | 47.74 | 18.92 | ||||||||||||
Fall | 0.71 | 42.63 | 45.16 | 11.50 | ||||||||||||
Winter | 0.00 | 36.07 | 49.90 | 14.03 | ||||||||||||
Fruits | (−6)–(0) | Spring | 39.64 | 42.56 | 14.07 | 3.73 | 0.003 | |||||||||
Summer | 23.45 | 26.82 | 23.54 | 26.19 | ||||||||||||
Fall | 36.41 | 39.38 | 19.82 | 4.39 | ||||||||||||
Winter | 34.41 | 39.05 | 21.09 | 5.45 | ||||||||||||
Dairy | (−6)–(0) | Spring | 66.28 | 15.72 | 15.74 | 2.26 | <0.001 | |||||||||
Summer | 61.37 | 18.36 | 16.20 | 4.07 | ||||||||||||
Fall | 62.54 | 17.57 | 16.04 | 3.84 | ||||||||||||
Winter | 63.80 | 15.51 | 14.84 | 5.85 | ||||||||||||
Soybean | (−6)–(0) | Spring | 42.24 | 14.26 | 9.89 | 33.60 | <0.001 | |||||||||
Summer | 41.30 | 10.58 | 10.18 | 37.95 | ||||||||||||
Fall | 35.85 | 12.55 | 14.28 | 37.32 | ||||||||||||
Winter | 32.42 | 11.39 | 13.29 | 42.91 | ||||||||||||
Red meat, products, Poultry and game | (−4)–(4) | Spring | 4.02 | 10.84 | 33.34 | 31.29 | 20.51 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Summer | 4.31 | 5.38 | 32.49 | 29.40 | 28.42 | |||||||||||
Fall | 2.56 | 6.04 | 30.40 | 30.60 | 30.41 | |||||||||||
Winter | 1.88 | 4.24 | 26.31 | 30.17 | 37.42 | |||||||||||
Fish and shrimp | (−4)–(0) | Spring | 41.62 | 30.02 | 28.37 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
Summer | 30.60 | 31.41 | 37.99 | |||||||||||||
Fall | 33.40 | 31.47 | 35.14 | |||||||||||||
Winter | 33.25 | 33.95 | 32.81 | |||||||||||||
Egg | (−4)–(4) | Spring | 13.81 | 25.28 | 33.83 | 16.48 | 10.60 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Summer | 9.21 | 24.42 | 33.53 | 21.08 | 11.75 | |||||||||||
Fall | 15.43 | 28.19 | 30.75 | 18.43 | 7.20 | |||||||||||
Winter | 14.77 | 27.86 | 34.08 | 16.44 | 6.85 | |||||||||||
Cooking oil | (0)–(4) | Spring | 46.31 | 37.95 | 15.74 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
Summer | 53.64 | 34.33 | 12.03 | |||||||||||||
Fall | 50.63 | 32.14 | 17.24 | |||||||||||||
Winter | 51.08 | 33.84 | 15.08 | |||||||||||||
Salt | (0)–(4) | Spring | 58.33 | 31.36 | 10.31 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
Summer | 60.03 | 28.65 | 11.32 | |||||||||||||
Fall | 55.35 | 32.82 | 11.84 | |||||||||||||
Winter | 52.04 | 34.40 | 13.57 | |||||||||||||
Alcoholic beverage | (0)–(4) | Spring | 98.22 | 1.60 | 0.18 | 0.3085 | ||||||||||
Summer | 98.99 | 0.98 | 0.03 | |||||||||||||
Fall | 98.58 | 1.42 | 0.00 | |||||||||||||
Winter | 98.41 | 1.58 | 0.02 | |||||||||||||
Drinking water | (−12)–(0) | Spring | 28.62 | 18.12 | 17.19 | 13.34 | 10.32 | 4.42 | 7.98 | <0.001 | ||||||
Summer | 20.71 | 10.94 | 14.43 | 11.68 | 12.76 | 9.59 | 19.89 | |||||||||
Fall | 22.29 | 18.42 | 16.73 | 14.79 | 9.72 | 6.07 | 11.97 | |||||||||
Winter | 11.31 | 17.17 | 16.55 | 15.64 | 12.33 | 10.03 | 16.97 | |||||||||
Diet variety | (−12)–(0) | Spring | 0.05 | 1.70 | 12.82 | 30.66 | 39.17 | 14.98 | 0.62 | <0.001 | ||||||
Summer | 0.06 | 1.34 | 6.54 | 26.57 | 41.36 | 21.89 | 2.23 | |||||||||
Fall | 0.69 | 1.14 | 8.93 | 29.49 | 39.44 | 19.67 | 0.65 | |||||||||
Winter | 0.00 | 0.68 | 8.19 | 22.95 | 44.91 | 21.61 | 1.67 |
Seasons | Indicator | Mean (SD) | Range | p-Value * | Mean Difference and 95% CI of Pairwise Comparison † | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Summer | Fall | Winter | ||||||
Over-intake | Spring | HBS | 6.96 (5.46) | 0–29 | <0.001 | −0.53 (−0.87, −0.20) | 0.17 (−0.17, 0.50) | −1.23 (−1.56, −0.89) |
Summer | HBS | 7.49 (4.79) | 0–26 | 0.70 (0.36, 1.04) | −0.69 ( −1.03, −0.35) | |||
Fall | HBS | 6.79 (4.42) | 0–28 | −1.39 ( −1.73, −1.05) | ||||
Winter | HBS | 8.18 (4.93) | 2–27 | |||||
Under-intake | Spring | LBS | 35.98 (10.76) | 2–67 | <0.001 | 7.80 (7.06, 8.54) | 3.59 (2.85, 4.32) | 7.32 (6.59, 8.06) |
Summer | LBS | 28.18 (8.88) | 3–60 | −4.21 (−4.95, −3.48) | −0.48 ( −1.21, 0.26) | |||
Fall | LBS | 32.40 (9.16) | 8–68 | 3.74 (3.00, 4.47) | ||||
Winter | LBS | 28.66 (8.38) | 6–64 | |||||
Overall imbalance | Spring | DQD | 43.27 (10.21) | 15–76 | <0.001 | 7.60 (6.77, 8.42) | 4.08 (3.26, 4.91) | 6.43 (5.60, 0.25) |
Summer | DQD | 35.67 (9.71) | 12–60 | −3.51 (−4.33, −2.69) | −1.17 (−1.99, −0.34) | |||
Fall | DQD | 39.19 (9.36) | 18–68 | 2.34 (1.52, 3.17) | ||||
Winter | DQD | 36.84 (9.45) | 22–50 |
Items | DQD | Univariable Model | Multivariable Model | Standardized Multivariable Model | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean(SD) | Coeff. (95% CI) | p-Value | Coeff. (95% CI) | p-Value | Standard Coeff. (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Sex | |||||||
Men | 40.00 (12.35) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Women | 37.65 (11.97) | −2.35 (−2.97, −1.73) | <0.001 | −1.09 (−1.79, −0.39) | 0.002 | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.02) | 0.003 |
Age group (years) | |||||||
15–44 | 37.98 (12.26) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
45–59 | 38.33 (11.90) | 0.35 (−0.40, 1.10) | 0.359 | −1.38 (−2.19, −0.57) | 0.001 | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.02) | 0.003 |
>60 | 39.78 (12.50) | 1.80 (1.06, 2.54) | <0.001 | −1.19 (−2.07, −0.32) | 0.008 | −0.04 (−0.08, −0.01) | 0.020 |
Marital Status | |||||||
Married | 38.86 (12.19) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Other marital status | 38.30 (12.46) | −0.57 (−1.30, 0.17) | 0.130 | 0.06 (−0.69, 0.82) | 0.866 | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.03) | 0.998 |
Occupation | |||||||
Professional job | 36.63 (12.47) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Labor job | 44.02 (11.58) | 7.39 (6.28, 8.50) | <0.001 | 2.53 (1.37, 3.70) | <0.001 | 0.06 (0.03, 0.09) | <0.001 |
Others | 38.58 (12.04) | 1.95 (1.21, 2.68) | <0.001 | 0.45 (−0.37, 1.28) | 0.279 | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) | 0.211 |
Years of education | |||||||
≤6 yrs | 43.27 (11.87) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
7~9 yrs | 39.15 (11.76) | −4.12 (−4.92, −3.32) | <0.001 | −2.30 (−3.15, −1.45) | <0.001 | −0.09 (−0.12, −0.05) | <0.001 |
10~12 yrs | 37.48 (11.77) | −5.79 (−6.63, −4.95) | <0.001 | −3.06 (−4.00, −2.12) | <0.001 | −0.11 (−0.14, −0.07) | <0.001 |
>12 yrs | 34.86 (12.21) | −8.41 (−9.26, −7.55) | <0.001 | −4.51 (−5.60, −3.41) | <0.001 | −0.15 (−0.19, −0.11) | <0.001 |
Smoker | |||||||
No | 37.90 (12.18) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Yes | 41.23 (12.10) | 1.09 (0.39, 1.79) | 0.002 | 1.87 (1.05, 2.70) | <0.001 | 0.07 (0.04, 0.10) | <0.001 |
Drinker | |||||||
No | 38.20 (12.18) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Yes | 41.26 (12.23) | 3.06 (2.30, 3.83) | <0.0001 | 1.18 (0.38, 1.97) | 0.004 | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) | 0.002 |
Weight Status | |||||||
Underweight | 40.07 (12.48) | 1.67 (−0.01, 3.36) | 0.0512 | 0.97 (−0.59, 2.53) | 0.222 | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.04) | 0.202 |
Normal | 37.95 (12.38) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Overweight | 38.87 (12.16) | 0.48 (−0.19, 1.15) | 0.1613 | −0.12 (−0.75, 0.51) | 0.706 | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) | 0.620 |
Obese | 41.04 (11.27) | 2.65 (1.34, 3.96) | <0.0001 | 1.16 (0.00, 2.36) | 0.049 | 0.02 (0.00, 0.04) | 0.050 |
Region | |||||||
Urban | 35.27 (11.71) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Suburban | 40.17 (10.40) | 5.70 (5.01, 6.40) | <0.001 | 4.58 (3.85, 5.30) | <0.001 | 0.15 (0.12, 0.17) | <0.001 |
Rural | 45.62 (10.51) | 11.16 (10.50, 11.82) | <0.001 | 8.64 (7.90, 9.38) | <0.001 | 0.31 (0.28, 0.33) | <0.001 |
Family Income | |||||||
<20,000 RMB/person | 41.97 (12.01) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
20,000–50,000 RMB/person | 39.18 (11.95) | −2.79 (−3.58, −1.99) | <0.001 | −0.22 (−1.00,0.56) | 0.582 | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) | 0.614 |
>50,000 RMB/person | 36.34 (11.87) | −5.63 (−6.34, −4.92) | <0.001 | −1.63 (−2.38, −0.89) | <0.001 | −0.07 (−0.10, −0.04) | <0.0001 |
Non–reported | 35.53 (12.87) | −6.45 (−7.74, −5.15) | <0.001 | −1.58 (−2.84, −0.32) | 0.014 | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | 0.010 |
Season | |||||||
Spring | 43.27 (17.21) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Summer | 35.67 (9.71) | −7.60 (−8.42, −6.77) | <0.001 | −7.80 (−8.59, −7.01) | <0.001 | −0.28 (−0.30, −0.25) | <0.001 |
Fall | 39.19 (9.36) | −4.08 (−4.91, −3.26) | <0.001 | −4.18 (−4.97, −3.40) | <0.001 | −0.15 (−0.18, −0.12) | <0.001 |
Winter | 36.84 (9.45) | −6.43 (−7.25, −5.60) | <0.001 | −6.69 (−7.49, −5.90) | <0.001 | −0.24 (−0.26, −0.21) | <0.001 |
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Zang, J.; Yu, H.; Zhu, Z.; Lu, Y.; Liu, C.; Yao, C.; Bai, P.; Guo, C.; Jia, X.; Zou, S.; et al. Does the Dietary Pattern of Shanghai Residents Change across Seasons and Area of Residence: Assessing Dietary Quality Using the Chinese Diet Balance Index (DBI). Nutrients 2017, 9, 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030251
Zang J, Yu H, Zhu Z, Lu Y, Liu C, Yao C, Bai P, Guo C, Jia X, Zou S, et al. Does the Dietary Pattern of Shanghai Residents Change across Seasons and Area of Residence: Assessing Dietary Quality Using the Chinese Diet Balance Index (DBI). Nutrients. 2017; 9(3):251. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030251
Chicago/Turabian StyleZang, Jiajie, Huiting Yu, Zhenni Zhu, Ye Lu, Changhe Liu, Chunxia Yao, Pinqing Bai, Changyi Guo, Xiaodong Jia, Shurong Zou, and et al. 2017. "Does the Dietary Pattern of Shanghai Residents Change across Seasons and Area of Residence: Assessing Dietary Quality Using the Chinese Diet Balance Index (DBI)" Nutrients 9, no. 3: 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030251