A Novel Combination of Wheat Peptides and Fucoidan Attenuates Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Damage through Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Pro-Survival Mechanisms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and WPF Preparation
2.2. Cell Culture
2.3. Animals
2.4. Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Damage Model
2.5. Macroscopic Analysis
2.6. Histopathologic Evaluation
2.7. Immunohistochemistry
2.8. Biochemical Analysis
2.9. Western Blot
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. WPF Attenuated Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Damage
3.2. Anti-Oxidant Effect of WPF
3.3. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of WPF
3.4. Pro-Survival Effect of WPF
3.5. WPF-Induced Activation of EGFR-ERK Pathway
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Grade | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spot Erosion | Each spot | |||
Linear Erosion (Length) | 1–5 mm | 5–10 mm | 10–15 mm | >15 mm |
Linear Erosion (Width) | 1–2 mm | >2 mm | ||
Ulcer Index = Spot Erosion + Linear Erosion Length + (Linear Erosion Width) × 2 |
Grade | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Congestion | <20% | 20–40% | 40–60% | 60–80% | ≥80% |
Hemorrhage | <20% | 20–40% | 40–60% | 60–80% | ≥80% |
Necrosis | <20% | 20–40% | 40–60% | 60–80% | ≥80% |
Pathological Index = Congestion + Hemorrhage × 2 + Necrosis × 3 |
Grade | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage of Positive Cells | ≤5% | 6–25% | 26–50% | 51–75% | >75% |
Intensity of Immunostaining | No | Low | Moderate | Strong | |
Total Score = Percentage of Positive Cells × Intensity of Immunostaining |
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Kan, J.; Hood, M.; Burns, C.; Scholten, J.; Chuang, J.; Tian, F.; Pan, X.; Du, J.; Gui, M. A Novel Combination of Wheat Peptides and Fucoidan Attenuates Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Damage through Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Pro-Survival Mechanisms. Nutrients 2017, 9, 978. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090978
Kan J, Hood M, Burns C, Scholten J, Chuang J, Tian F, Pan X, Du J, Gui M. A Novel Combination of Wheat Peptides and Fucoidan Attenuates Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Damage through Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Pro-Survival Mechanisms. Nutrients. 2017; 9(9):978. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090978
Chicago/Turabian StyleKan, Juntao, Molly Hood, Charlie Burns, Jeff Scholten, Jennifer Chuang, Feng Tian, Xingchang Pan, Jun Du, and Min Gui. 2017. "A Novel Combination of Wheat Peptides and Fucoidan Attenuates Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Damage through Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Pro-Survival Mechanisms" Nutrients 9, no. 9: 978. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090978