Chemical Composition, Phytotoxic, Antimicrobial and Insecticidal Activity of the Essential Oils of Dracocephalum integrifolium
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils
2.2. Phytotoxic Activity of the Essential Oils and their Major Constituents
2.3. Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils and Their Major Constituents
2.4. Pesticidal Activity of Essential Oils and their Major Constituents
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Plant Materials
5.2. Essential oil Extraction
5.3. GC/MS Analysis of the Essential Oils
5.4. Phytotoxic Activity of the Essential Oils and Their Major Constituents
5.5. Antimicrobial Effect of the Essential Oils and Their Major Constituents
5.5.1. Strains
5.5.2. Determination of Radius of Inhibition Zone
5.5.3. Determination of MIC
5.6. Insecticidal Bioassay
5.7. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Serial No. | Compound Name | RIa | RIb | Area (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DI1 | DI2 | DI3 | Average | ||||
1 | α-Thujene | 913 | 924 | 1.87 | 0.98 | 1.07 | 1.31 |
2 | α-Pinene | 918 | 935 | 1.84 | 0.67 | 1.83 | 1.45 |
3 | Sabinene | 958 | 954 | 14 | 7.35 | 10.11 | 10.49 |
4 | β-Myrcene | 968 | 969 | 4.49 | 0.11 | - | 2.30 |
5 | β-Pinene | 976 | 975 | - | 1.4 | 2.76 | 2.08 |
6 | β-Thujene | 996 | 978 | - | - | 0.17 | 0.17 |
7 | α-Terpinene | 1002 | 1016 | 0.28 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.24 |
8 | o-Cymene | 1006 | 1018 | 3.66 | - | - | 3.66 |
9 | Eucalyptol | 1013 | 1030 | 53.56 | 76.11 | 65.55 | 65.07 |
10 | 3-Carene | 1022 | 1031 | 0.61 | - | - | 0.61 |
11 | β-Ocimene | 1033 | 1035 | 1.09 | 0.23 | 0.7 | 0.67 |
12 | γ-Terpinene | 1041 | 1056 | 1.01 | 0.53 | 0.73 | 0.76 |
13 | Terpinolene | 1070 | 1079 | - | 0.13 | 0.1 | 0.12 |
14 | Linalool | 1080 | 1098 | 0.61 | - | 0.71 | 0.66 |
15 | L-Pinocarveol | 1110 | 1139 | 0.62 | 0.97 | 0.72 | 0.77 |
16 | Isopinocamphone | 1137 | 1162 | - | 1.27 | - | 1.27 |
17 | Terpinen-4-ol | 1151 | 1177 | 0.84 | 1.08 | 0.68 | 0.87 |
18 | Myrtenal | 1156 | 1190 | 0.82 | 1.09 | 0.76 | 0.89 |
19 | α-Terpineol | 1163 | 1198 | - | 0.75 | - | 0.75 |
20 | Myrtenol | 1169 | 1206 | - | 0.73 | - | 0.73 |
21 | α-Copaene | 1359 | 1372 | 1.24 | - | 0.56 | 0.90 |
22 | β-elemene | 1373 | 1392 | 0.61 | - | 0.61 | |
23 | Aromadendrene | 1397 | 1419 | 0.7 | - | - | 0.70 |
24 | β-copaene | 1456 | 1459 | 1.51 | - | - | 1.51 |
25 | Germacrene D | 1456 | 1451 | - | 0.49 | 1.09 | 0.79 |
26 | cis-α-Bisabolene | 1483 | 1495 | 0.54 | - | - | 0.54 |
27 | γ-Muurolene | 1489 | 1477 | - | 0.22 | 0.39 | 0.31 |
28 | β-Bisabolene | 1489 | 1505 | 0.55 | - | - | 0.55 |
29 | δ-Cadinene | 1498 | 1519 | 0.63 | - | 0.35 | 0.49 |
30 | Epizonarene | 1498 | 1495 | - | 0.2 | - | 0.20 |
31 | Nerolidol | 1540 | 1554 | 2.94 | - | - | 2.94 |
32 | Caryophyllene oxide | 1546 | 1543 | 2.27 | 0.64 | 2.83 | 1.91 |
33 | (+)-ledol | 1559 | 1550 | - | - | 1.99 | 1.99 |
34 | Cubenol | 1582 | 1601 | - | 0.55 | 0.84 | 0.70 |
35 | α-Bisabolol | 1657 | 1691 | 1.42 | - | - | 1.42 |
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 28.85 | 11.61 | 17.7 | 19.39 | |||
Oxygenated monoterpenes | 56.45 | 82 | 68.42 | 68.96 | |||
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 5.78 | 0.91 | 2.39 | 3.03 | |||
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | 6.63 | 1.19 | 5.66 | 4.49 | |||
Total identified | 97.71 | 95.71 | 94.17 | 95.86 | |||
Numbers of compounds | 24 | 21 | 21 | 22.00 | |||
Yield (%, V/W) | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
Essential Oils/ Major Constituents | E. coli | B. subtillis | P. aeruginosa | S. cerevisiae | C. albicans |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DI1 | 1.08 ± 0.08 | 2.13 ± 0.43 | 1.30 ± 0.10 | 2.75 ± 0.40 | 2.55 ± 0.15 |
DI2 | 1.55 ± 0.05 | 2.30 ± 0.10 | 1.85 ± 0.05 | 3.83 ± 0.13 | 2.90 ± 0.05 |
DI3 | 1.15 ± 0.05 | 2.15 ± 0.00 | 1.65 ± 0.05 | 3.53 ± 0.28 | 3.05 ± 0.05 |
Sabinene | 1.15 ± 0.05 | 3.08 ± 0.08 | 1.58 ± 0.03 | 6.63 ± 0.03 | 3.35 ± 0.05 |
Eucalyptol | 1.78 ± 0.38 | 3.03 ± 0.08 | 1.18 ± 0.03 | 1.95 ± 0.05 | 2.03 ± 0.23 |
Mixture | 1.83 ± 0.03 | 2.10 ± 0.00 | 1.55 ± 0.05 | 3.60 ± 0.00 | 2.48 ± 0.18 |
Essential Oils/ Major Constituents | E. coli | B. subtillis | P. aeruginosa | S. cerevisiae | C. albicans |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DI1 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 10 |
DI2 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
DI3 | 15 | 5 | 15 | 15 | 5 |
Eucalyptol | 15 | 5 | 10 | 20 | 10 |
Sabinene | 20 | 5 | 10 | 40 | 15 |
Mixture | 10 | 5 | 15 | 40 | 10 |
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Zhou, S.; Wei, C.; Zhang, C.; Han, C.; Kuchkarova, N.; Shao, H. Chemical Composition, Phytotoxic, Antimicrobial and Insecticidal Activity of the Essential Oils of Dracocephalum integrifolium. Toxins 2019, 11, 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11100598
Zhou S, Wei C, Zhang C, Han C, Kuchkarova N, Shao H. Chemical Composition, Phytotoxic, Antimicrobial and Insecticidal Activity of the Essential Oils of Dracocephalum integrifolium. Toxins. 2019; 11(10):598. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11100598
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Shixing, Caixia Wei, Chi Zhang, Caixia Han, Nigora Kuchkarova, and Hua Shao. 2019. "Chemical Composition, Phytotoxic, Antimicrobial and Insecticidal Activity of the Essential Oils of Dracocephalum integrifolium" Toxins 11, no. 10: 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11100598