Recent Advances of Wearable Antennas in Materials, Fabrication Methods, Designs, and Their Applications: State-of-the-Art
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Flexible Materials
2.1. Conductive Materials
2.2. Substrate Materials
3. Fabrication Methods
3.1. Screen Printing and Gravure
3.2. Flexography
3.3. Inkjet Printing or Direct Ink Writing
3.4. Stitching, Sewing, and Embroidery
3.5. Adhesives
3.6. Direct Cutting
3.7. Direct Handwriting (DHW)
4. Wearable Antenna Designs
4.1. Button Antennas
4.2. Miniaturized Single and Multiband Wearable Antennas
5. Applications of Wearable Antennas
6. Conclusions and Future Direction
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fields | Applications |
---|---|
Healthcare | Bio-signals such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure, glucose level, breast cancer detection, doppler radar, smart home, telemedicine. |
Entertainment | Sports, gaming, ear instrument, smartwatches, jackets, smart shoes. |
Military | Battlefield, shoes, coat, helmet, identification, etc. |
Conductive Materials | Thickness (t: mm) | Conductivity (σ: s/m) |
---|---|---|
Egaln Liquid | 0.08 | 2.5 × 105 |
Polyleurethene Nanoparticle Composite | 0.0065 | 1.1 × 106 |
Zoflex + Copper | 0.175 | 1.93 × 105 |
Silver Flakes Fluorine Rubber | NA | 8.5 × 104 |
AgNW/PDMS | 0.5 | 8.1 × 105 |
PANI/CCo Composite | 0.075 | 7.3 × 103 |
Copper Coated Taffeta | 0.15 | 3.4 × 106 |
Graphene | 100 μm | 33 × 103 |
Materials | Dielectric Constant (εr) | Loss Tangent (tan δ) |
---|---|---|
PTFE | 2.05 | 0.0017 |
PDMS | 3.2 | 0.01 |
Ethyl Vinyl Acetate (EVA) | 2.8 | 0.002 |
PDMS Ceramic composite | 6.25 | 0.02 |
Neoprene rubber | 5.2 | 0.025 |
Kapton Polyimide | 3.4 | 0.002 |
Properties | Polymer | Textile | Paper | Fluidic |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dielectric Loss/Loss Tangent | Low Loss | Low Loss | Medium Loss | High Loss |
Tensile Strength | High (165 MPA) | Low (2.7 MPA) | Low (30 MPA) | Low (3.9 MPA) |
Flexural Strength | High (p.s.i) | Low (8900 p.s.i) | Low (7200 p.s.i) | Low (650 p.s.i) |
Deformability | Low | High | High | High |
Thermal Stability | High | Low | Low | Low |
Fabrication Complexity | Simple/Printable | Complex | Simple/Printable | Complex/Non-printable |
Robustness to Wetness | High | Medium | Low | Low |
Cost of Fabrication | Medium | Low | Low | High |
Weight | Medium | Low | Low | Medium |
Overall Size | Small | Large | Large | Small |
Stability for Integrated Circuit | High | Low | Low | High |
Features | Screen | Gravure | Flexographic |
---|---|---|---|
Printing Forms | Stencil/R2R | R2R | R2R |
Approach of Printing | Contact | Contact | Contact |
Printing Speed (m/min) | 10–15 | 100–1000 | 100–500 |
Line Width (lm) | 30–50 | 10–50 | 45–100 |
Surface Tension (mN/m) | 38–47 | 41–44 | 13.9–23 |
Resolution (µm) | 30–100 | 50–200 | 30–80 |
Speed (m/min) | 0.6–100 | 8–100 | 5–180 |
Substrate | Flexible | Flexible | Flexible |
Process Mode (step) | Multiple | Multiple | Multiple |
Mask Requirement | Yes | No | No |
Material Wastage | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Ink Composition (wt%) | - | - | - |
Pigment | 12–20 | 12–17 | 12–17 |
Binder | 45–65 | 20–35 | 40–45 |
Solvent | 20–30 | 60–65 | 25–45 |
Additive | 1–5 | 1–2 | 1–5 |
Methods | Ink Viscosity (cp) | Nozzle Diameter (μm) | Size (μm) | Thickness (μm) | Features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IJP | 1–30 | 20–60 | 20–100 | 0.6 | Low-cost, multiple heads |
AJP | 1–1000 | 150–300 | 10–200 | 0.1 | High throughput, thin layers, good features |
3D | 1–1,000,000 | 0.1–1 | 1–1000 | 0.5 | Most precise, best resolution |
Features | Embroidery | Weaving | Adhesive |
---|---|---|---|
Commercially Available | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Extra Processes (cutting) | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Waste Product | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Fabrication Accuracy | High | Medium | Medium |
Material Cost | Medium | Low | Low |
Easy to Attach | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Features | Laster Cutting (Trotec Speedy 300) | Robotic Cutting Plotter (Silhouette Cameo) |
---|---|---|
Commercially available | No | Customized by Requirement |
Extra Processes | No | No |
Waste Product | No | Yes |
Fabrication Accuracy | High | Medium |
Material Cost | High | Low |
Optimum applications | Small, Complex Patterns Required High Resolution | Customized and Large Size |
Writing Methods | Writing Materials | Substrates | Conductivity [S cm−1] | Width [μm] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Brush Pen | PEDOT:PSS/P3HT/PCBM, Silver Nanowire Ink, CNT Ink, V2O5 Ink, Gallium Ink | Glass, PET, ITO, Paper | 50–2.9 × 104 | 50–500 |
Pencil | Graphite Rod, Pencil Lead, SWCNT/MWCNT | Paper, Salt | 20–884 | 900–1900 |
Ball-Pen | Different Inks such as Silver, Copper, Gallium Enzymatic | Paper, PDMS, Skin | 5 × 103–1 × 105 | 100–800 |
Fountain Pen | Carbon Nanofibre Ink, CNT Ink, FeCl3 Ink | Paper | - | 770–980 |
Spray | Different Inks/Liquids such as Silver, Copper, Gallium and Enzymatic | Any | 5 × 103–1 × 105 | 100–800 |
Examples: Comparison of Button Antennas | |||||||
Ref | Button Antenna (Patch-Size) (mm) | Frequency (MHz/GHz) | Antenna Structure | Substrate Materials (εr/tan δ) | Conductor (σ orRs) | SAR (W/kg) | Radiation Efficiency (total Efficiency) % or Gain (dBi) or Other Performance |
[278] | 40 × 40 | 2.4/5.3/8 | Modular Snap-on Button | Cuming-Foam PF4 | Shieldit | NA | 7.8/3.1 (Half-Wave) 8.9 (Quarter-Wave) |
[275] | Dia(d): 15 | 2.4 | Circular Button with Split-Ring Resonator (CSRR) | Button Disc, FR4 Ground Substrate, Felt | Copper/Shieldit (Patch/Ground) | 0.45 | Free Space, On-body 97, 71 or 1.8/5.1 |
[276] | Dia (d): 9.77 | 5.5 | Circular Button | Button Disc, FR4, Ground Substrate, Felt | Copper/Shieldit (Patch/Ground) | 0.123 | Free Space, On-body 79.9, 70.8 or 3.5 (Entire band) |
[272] | Dia (d): 16 | 2.4/5 | Circular Button | Button Disc Rogers 5880 Ground Substrate Felt | Copper/Shieldit (Patch/Ground) | On chest 0.18/0.12 On arm 0.20/0.22 | Free Space, On-Body at Lower/Upper band ≥ 90/84 or 1.05, 0.24/4.50, 4.73 |
[277] | Dia (d): 22.3 | 2.4/5.6 | Circular Cuff Button | PTFE Ceramic | Copper (Patch/Ground) | NA | Free Space (94) or 1.5 (Both Bands) |
[280] | Dia (d): 19.5 | 4.50–4.61/ 5.04–5.50 | Circular Array Button | Button Disc RO4003 | Copper/Shieldit (Patch/Ground) | On chest 0.0664/ 0.0942 | Port-1 (Total-Efficiency) (86/93) or (7.4/7.6) Port-2 (Total-Efficiency) 85 /92 or (7.5/7.4) |
[279] | Radius (r): 18 | 2.45/5.8 | F-Inverted Button | Button Disc Rogers4003 | Patch/ Flange Ground (Copper) | 1g, 10 g 0.370, 0.199/0.584, 0.232 (Sim) | On-body 46.3/69.3 or −0.6 and 4.3 dBi |
Examples: Comparison of Single and Multiband antennas | |||||||
Ref | Antenna (mm) | Frequency Range (MHz/GHz) | Antenna Structure | Substrate Materials (εr/tan δ) | Conductor (σ or Rs) | SAR (W/kg) | Radiation Efficiency (%) or Gain (dBi) or other performance |
[299] | 30 × 45 | 2.45 | M-shaped with AMC | Kapton Polyimide | Silver Ink | 0.683 | 3.7 |
[343] | 59.8 × 59.8 | 2.3 to 2.68 | Reconfigurable Patch | PDMS | Shieldit | For 10 g 0.282 | 2.6 |
[344] | 70 (dia) | 2400/5800 | Circular Patch | PDMS | Shieldit | 0.248/0.091 | On-body Lower, Upper band 58.6, 50.6 or 4.16, 4.34 |
[306] | 74.5 × 48 × 3.34 | 2.45 | SIW Slot | Wool Felt | ShieldIt Super | 0.380 (Max) | On-body 74.3 (Total Efficiency) or 5.35 |
[345] | 80 ×61 ×4.51 | 3.1–10.6 | UWB | Felt | ShieldIt | 1.21 (3GHz), 0.52 (7GH) | On-body 96.6, 99.6 |
[285] | 50 ×57 | 2.45 | Circular Patch | Multilayered Textile | Shieldit | 0.34 | 55.3% (Sim) |
[292] | 13 cm × 13 cm | 4 | Circular Patch with Soft Surface | Felt | Shieldex Zell RS | 6.2 to 2.2% (Reduced Back radiation) | NA |
[346] | 52 × 250 | 450 MHz | Koch Fractal Dipole | Jeans | Copper Foil | 0.119 | 2 dBi |
[143] | 0.5 × 25.4 | 1.91 | Dipole | PDMS (2.67/0.0375) | EGaIn | NA | 90% |
[289] | 14.8 × 37.8 | 2.11–3.05/5.2 | Array Shape with Metamaterials | RT/Duroid5880 | Copper | NA | First band 95 or 2.8–3.48 Second band 80 |
[324] | 20 × 20 | 2.44 | Handbag Zipper | FR4 | Copper | NA | 97/5(2.90 GHz)/97.4 (2.70 GHz) |
[327] | 10 × 10 | 2.46 to 2.5 | Watch Strap | ArlonDi880 | Copper | NA | 5 dBi |
[347] | 50.0 × 37.5 | 2.45 | Dipole | Paper | Silver Ink | NA | NA |
[348] | Π × 242 × 3.2 | 2.5/5.8 | Circular (Reconfigurable) | FR4 | Copper | 5.04 and 14.79 (FS) | −3.03/3.83 |
[349] | 50 × 50 | 2.4 | Circularly with AMC Structure | PDMS | AgNWs Composite | 0.13 to 0.18 | 79 or 5.2 |
[320] | 22.3 × 22.5 | 2.45/4.5 | Louis Vuitton Logo | Leather | Shieldit | NA | Lower, Upper bands 15.2, 14.3 or −0.29, 3.05 |
[288] | 40 × 40 | Metal Rim | FR4 | Copper | 0.78 | On-Body 50 or 1.6 | |
[350] | 4.98 × 48.96 | 3.3, 3.4 | E-shaped | Felt | ShieldIt | NA | 2.98, 4.56 |
[52] | 3 cm × 3 cm | 2.86–2.92 | Stretchable | Soft Silicone | Copper | NA | NA |
[351] | 300 × 230 | 2.4 | Chinese Symbols | RO4350B | Copper | NA | 8.2 |
[257] | 10 mm (L) | 860 MHz | Dipole | PET | MXene Ink (5000 to 10,000 S/cm), thick, 62 nm to 8 µm) | NA | S11, −65 dB |
[258] | 10 × 10 | 2.01 to 2.80 | Monopole patch | PET | Niobium Diselenide (855 nm thickness) | NA | 70.6 or S11, −46.5 dB |
[352] | 15 × 63 | 2.45 | Dipole | Elastomer | Graphene | NA | NA |
[154] | 40 × 40 | 3.45 | Patch Antenna | PDMS | EGaIn | NA | 60 |
[353] | 53 × 63 60 × 50 | 868 MHz | Tattoo Antennas | Thin Adhesive Polymer | Conductive Ink | NA | 60 or S11, −17.1, −19.9 dB |
[354] | 42.4 × 48.5 | 2.45 | Patch Screen Printed (Washable) | Cotton/Polyester (CO/PES) | Flectron | NA | S11, −25 to −30 (2.4) (No-washing) S11, −30, −35(2.5) (Few Cycle Wash) |
[113] | 57 × 13 | UHF | RFID Tag (washable) | Cotton/Polyester (CO/PES) | Multifilament | NA | Stretchable Tag |
[355] | 30 × 22 µm | 2.67 to 2.92 THz | Rectangular Patch | Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) | Graphene | NA | 87 or 5 |
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Ali, S.M.; Sovuthy, C.; Imran, M.A.; Socheatra, S.; Abbasi, Q.H.; Abidin, Z.Z. Recent Advances of Wearable Antennas in Materials, Fabrication Methods, Designs, and Their Applications: State-of-the-Art. Micromachines 2020, 11, 888. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11100888
Ali SM, Sovuthy C, Imran MA, Socheatra S, Abbasi QH, Abidin ZZ. Recent Advances of Wearable Antennas in Materials, Fabrication Methods, Designs, and Their Applications: State-of-the-Art. Micromachines. 2020; 11(10):888. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11100888
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Shahid M., Cheab Sovuthy, Muhammad A. Imran, Soeung Socheatra, Qammer H. Abbasi, and Zuhairiah Zainal Abidin. 2020. "Recent Advances of Wearable Antennas in Materials, Fabrication Methods, Designs, and Their Applications: State-of-the-Art" Micromachines 11, no. 10: 888. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11100888