An Ultra-Low-Voltage Transconductance Stable and Enhanced OTA for ECG Signal Processing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Transconductance-Optimization Technology
2.1. Unstable Transconductance of BDPD in the Subthreshold Region
2.2. Counteraction of Transconductance Variation in nMOS and pMOS BDPD Pairs
2.3. Current-Reused Bulk-Driven Pseudo-Differential Pairs
3. The Proposed Transconductance Stable and Enhanced OTA and the ECG LPF
3.1. Design and Performance of the Proposed OTA and LPF
3.2. The ECG Filter with the Proposed OTA
3.3. Simulation Results and Comparison
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | This Work (a) 2024 | [30] (a) 2021 | [31] (a) 2020 | [32] (a) 2019 | [33] (a) 2019 | [34] (a) 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Technology [nm] | 180 | 180 | 180 | 180 | 180 | 180 |
Operation mode | BD | BD | BDandGD | BD | BD | BD |
Supply [V] | 0.4 | 0.5 | ±0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | ±0.5 |
Power [nW] | 29.15 | 45.5 | 252 | 180 | 12.6 | 62,000 |
DC gain [dB] | 54.4 | 83.7 | 53.81 | 75.39 | 68.9 | 61.7 |
GBW [kHz] | 13.7 | 8.7 | 56.62 | 74.27 | 2.94 | 1510 |
CL [pF] | 15 | 15 | 30 | 20 | 30 | 35 |
IRN [nV/√Hz] | 700@ 10 kHz | 650@ 1 kHz | 265@ 5 kHz | 209@ 40 kHz | 1600 | 69@ 1 MHz |
Phase margin [°] | 73.2 | 59 | 73.8 | 78.9 | 54.7 | 83.2 |
FoMS,1* [kHz•pF/μA] | 2820 | 1434 | 4044 | 4951 | 2100 | 852 |
FoMS,2** [kHz•pF/μW] | 7050 | 2868 | 6740 | 8252 | 7000 | 852 |
Gm(GBW) variation | 1.35% | / | >5% | >9.5% | >40% | 41.2% |
FoMS,3 [kHz•pF/μA] | 2089 | / | <809 | <522 | <53 | 20.7 |
Parameter | This Work (a) 2024 | [7] (a) 2022 | [35] 2020 | [36] (a) 2020 | [37] 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Technology [nm] | 180 | 180 | 180 | 180 | 180 |
Structure | BD-OTA-C | BD-DDA-C | SF-C | BD-QFG-OTA-C | GD-OTA-C |
Order | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 5 |
Supply [V] | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 |
Power [nW] | 20.5 | 62.6 | 3.69 | 1100 | 41 |
Gain [dB] | 33 | 39.6 | −5.6 | 39.9 | −7 |
Bandwidth [Hz] | 250 | 0.1–150 | 200 | 0.266–2.8k | 250 |
IRN [μVrms] | 19.9 | 59 | 91.9 | 3.15 | 134 |
DR [dB] | 41.5 | / | 48.5 | / | 61.2 |
FOM [J] | 3.45 × 10−13 | / | 0.17 × 10−13 | / | 5.36 × 10−13 |
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Yin, Y.; Zhang, X.; Feng, Z.; Qi, H.; Lu, H.; He, J.; Jin, C.; Luo, Y. An Ultra-Low-Voltage Transconductance Stable and Enhanced OTA for ECG Signal Processing. Micromachines 2024, 15, 1108. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15091108
Yin Y, Zhang X, Feng Z, Qi H, Lu H, He J, Jin C, Luo Y. An Ultra-Low-Voltage Transconductance Stable and Enhanced OTA for ECG Signal Processing. Micromachines. 2024; 15(9):1108. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15091108
Chicago/Turabian StyleYin, Yue, Xinbing Zhang, Ziting Feng, Haobo Qi, Haodong Lu, Jiayu He, Chaoqi Jin, and Yihao Luo. 2024. "An Ultra-Low-Voltage Transconductance Stable and Enhanced OTA for ECG Signal Processing" Micromachines 15, no. 9: 1108. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15091108