PAICS, a Purine Nucleotide Metabolic Enzyme, is Involved in Tumor Growth and the Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Results
2.1. PAICS is Overexpressed in CRCs
2.2. PAICS Overexpression is Associated with Poor Survival
2.3. Upregulation of PAICS Protein in CRCs
2.4. Function of PAICS on Growth of CRCs
2.5. PAICS Contributes to CRC Metastasis to Lung, Liver, and Bone
2.6. Validation of CRC Metastasis to Liver and Bone by Histopathology
2.7. PAICS Modulates the EMT in CRC Cells
2.8. In CRCs, miR-128 Targets and Regulates PAICS
2.9. PAICS Expression in CRC is Regulated by Myc
3. Discussions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Colorectal Tissue Specimens
4.2. Cell Lines and Transfections
4.3. Gene Expression from TCGA
4.4. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR)
4.5. Immunohistochemical (IHC) Analysis
4.6. Immunoblot Analysis
4.7. RNA Interference
4.8. Cell Proliferation Assay
4.9. Clonogenic Assay
4.10. Invasion Assay
4.11. Wound Healing Assay
4.12. 3D Spheroid Model
4.13. Immunofluorescence Staining
4.14. Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay
4.15. Mouse Model of Colorectal Tumor Growth and Metastasis
4.16. Positron-Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging
4.17. Bone Marrow Cultures
4.18. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Agarwal, S.; Chakravarthi, B.V.S.K.; Behring, M.; Kim, H.-G.; Chandrashekar, D.S.; Gupta, N.; Bajpai, P.; Elkholy, A.; Balasubramanya, S.A.H.; Hardy, C.; et al. PAICS, a Purine Nucleotide Metabolic Enzyme, is Involved in Tumor Growth and the Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers 2020, 12, 772. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12040772
Agarwal S, Chakravarthi BVSK, Behring M, Kim H-G, Chandrashekar DS, Gupta N, Bajpai P, Elkholy A, Balasubramanya SAH, Hardy C, et al. PAICS, a Purine Nucleotide Metabolic Enzyme, is Involved in Tumor Growth and the Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers. 2020; 12(4):772. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12040772
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgarwal, Sumit, Balabhadrapatruni V. S. K. Chakravarthi, Michael Behring, Hyung-Gyoon Kim, Darshan S. Chandrashekar, Nirzari Gupta, Prachi Bajpai, Amr Elkholy, Sai A. H. Balasubramanya, Cherlene Hardy, and et al. 2020. "PAICS, a Purine Nucleotide Metabolic Enzyme, is Involved in Tumor Growth and the Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer" Cancers 12, no. 4: 772. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12040772