Revisiting Cancer Stem Cells as the Origin of Cancer-Associated Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: A Hypothetical View from the Potential of iPSCs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Tumor Microenvironment (TME)
3. Differentiation of CSC Population in the TME
4. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs)
5. Tumor Endothelial Cells (TECs)
6. Tumor-Associated Adipocytes (TAAs)
7. Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs)
8. CSCs: Challenges and Limitations
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Abbreviations | Full Names |
ATRA | all-trans retinoic acid |
BM | bone marrow |
CAFs | cancer-associated fibroblasts |
CSCs | cancer stem cells |
ECM | extracellular matrix; ECs: endothelial cells |
EMT | epithelial mesenchymal transition |
FAP-α | fibroblast activation protein-α |
FGF-2 | fibroblast growth factor |
FGFs | fibroblast growth factor |
FSP-1 | fibroblast-specific protein-1 |
HGF | hepatocyte growth factor |
HIF | hypoxia-inducible factor |
IGF1 | insulin-like growth factor 1 |
LOX | lysyl oxidase |
MDR | multidrug resistance |
MMPs | matrix metalloproteases |
MSCs | mesenchymal stem cells |
MT1-MMP | membrane type 1-MMP |
NF-κB | nuclear factor kappa B |
NG2 | nerve/glial antigen-2 |
PD-L1 | programmed death-ligand 1 |
PDGF | platelet-derived growth factor |
PDGFR-β | platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β |
SDF-1 | Stromal cell-derived factor-1 |
TAAs | tumor-associated adipocytes |
TAMs | tumor-associated macrophages |
TECs | tumor endothelial cells |
TEX | tumor-derived exosomes |
TGFβs | transforming growth factor βs |
TME | tumor microenvironment |
TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
TRAIL | TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand |
VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
VEGFR-2 | VEGF receptor 2 |
iPSCs | induced pluripotent stem cells |
α-SMA | alpha-smooth muscle actin. |
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Osman, A.; Afify, S.M.; Hassan, G.; Fu, X.; Seno, A.; Seno, M. Revisiting Cancer Stem Cells as the Origin of Cancer-Associated Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: A Hypothetical View from the Potential of iPSCs. Cancers 2020, 12, 879. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12040879
Osman A, Afify SM, Hassan G, Fu X, Seno A, Seno M. Revisiting Cancer Stem Cells as the Origin of Cancer-Associated Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: A Hypothetical View from the Potential of iPSCs. Cancers. 2020; 12(4):879. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12040879
Chicago/Turabian StyleOsman, Amira, Said M. Afify, Ghmkin Hassan, Xiaoying Fu, Akimasa Seno, and Masaharu Seno. 2020. "Revisiting Cancer Stem Cells as the Origin of Cancer-Associated Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: A Hypothetical View from the Potential of iPSCs" Cancers 12, no. 4: 879. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12040879