Genotype of Null Polymorphisms in Genes GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1, and CYP1A1*2A (rs4646903 T>C)/CYP1A1*2C (rs1048943 A>G) in Patients with Larynx Cancer in Southeast Spain
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Recruitment and Patient Characteristics
2.2. Laboratory Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bray, F.; Ferlay, J.; Soerjomataram, I.; Siegel, R.L.; Torre, L.A.; Jemal, A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2018, 68, 394–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Greenlee, R.T.; Hill-Harmon, M.B.; Murray, T.; Thun, M. Cancer statistics, 2001. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2001, 51, 15–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goodwin, W.J.; Thomas, G.R.; Parker, D.F.; Joseph, D.; Levis, S.; Franzmann, E.; Anello, C.; Hu, J.J. Unequal burden of head and neck cancer in the USA. Head Neck 2008, 30, 358–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Groome, P.A.; O’Sullivan, B.; Irish, J.C.; Rothwell, D.M.; Schulze, K.; Warde, P.; Schneider, K.M.; MacKenzie, R.G.; Hodson, D.I.; Hammond, J.A.; et al. Management and Outcome Differences in Supraglottic Cancer Between Ontario, Canada, and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Areas of the United States. J. Clin. Oncol. 2003, 21, 496–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- DeSantis, C.E.; Naishadham, D.; Jemal, A. Cancer statistics for African Americans, 2013. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2013, 63, 151–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shin, J.Y.; Truong, M.T. Racial disparities in larynx cancer treatment and outcome: A population-based analysis of 24,069 patients. Laryngoscope 2015, 125, 1667–1674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rothman, K.J.; Cann, C.I.; Flanders, D.; Fried, M.P. Epidemiology of larynx cancer. Epidemiol. Rev. 1980, 2, 195–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuper, H.; Boffetta, P.; Adami, H.O. Tobaccouse and cancer causation: Association by tumour type. J. Intern. Med. 2002, 252, 206–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Boffetta, P. Alcohol and cancer: Benefits in addition to risks? Lancet Oncol. 2005, 6, 443–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bosetti, C.; Gallus, S.; Franceschi, S.; Levi, F.; Bertuzzi, M.; Negri, E.; Talamini, R.; La Vecchia, C. Cancer of the larynx in non-smoking alcohol drinkers and in non-drinking tobacco smokers. Br. J. Cancer 2002, 87, 516–518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stell, P.M.; McGill, T. Asbestos and larynx carcinoma. Lancet 1973, 2, 416–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paget-Bailly, S.; Cyr, D.; Luce, D. Occupational Exposures and Cancer of the Larynx—Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2012, 54, 71–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Di Maso, M.; Talamini, R.; Bosetti, C.; Montella, M.; Zucchetto, A.; Libra, M.; Negri, E.; Levi, F.; La Vecchia, C.; Franceschi, S.; et al. Red meat and cancer risk in a network of case–control studies focusing on cooking practices. Ann. Oncol. 2013, 24, 3107–3112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Garavello, W.; Lucenteforte, E.; Bosetti, C.; Talamini, R.; Levi, F.; Tavani, A.; Franceschi, S.; Negri, E.; La Vecchia, C. Diet diversity and the risk of laryngeal cancer: A case–control study from Italy and Switzerland. Oral Oncol. 2009, 45, 85–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, D.; Zhou, J.; Chen, B.; Zhou, L.; Tao, L. Gastroesophageal reflux and carcinoma of larynx or pharynx: A meta-analysis. Acta Oto-Laryngol. 2014, 134, 982–989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Galli, J.; Cammarota, G.; Volante, M.; De Corso, E.; Almadori, G.; Paludetti, G. Larynx carcinoma and laryngo-pharyngeal reflux disease. Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital. 2006, 26, 260–263. [Google Scholar]
- Zuo, W.; Zhan, Z.; Ma, L.; Bai, W.; Zeng, S. Effect of ALDH2 polymorphism on cancer risk in Asians. Medicine 2019, 98, e14855. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gama, R.R.; Carvalho, A.L.; Filho, A.L.; Scorsato, A.P.; López, R.V.M.; Rautava, J.; Syrjänen, S.; Syrjänen, K. Detection of human papillomavirus in larynx squamous cell carcinoma: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope 2016, 126, 885–893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ndiaye, C.; Mena, M.; Alemany, L.; Arbyn, M.; Castellsagué, X.; Laporte, L.; Bosch, F.X.; De Sanjose, S.; Trottier, H. HPV DNA, E6/E7 mRNA, and p16INK4a detection in head and neck cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2014, 15, 1319–1331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chernock, R.D.; Wang, X.; Gao, G.; Lewis, J.S.; Zhang, Q.; Thorstad, W.L.; El-Mofty, S.K. Detection and significance of human papillomavirus, CDKN2A(p16) and CDKN1A(p21) expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Mod. Pathol. 2012, 26, 223–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Young, R.J.; Urban, D.; Angel, C.; Corry, J.; Lyons, B.; Vallance, N.; Kleid, S.; A Iseli, T.; Solomon, B.; Rischin, D. Frequency and prognostic significance of p16INK4A protein overexpression and transcriptionally active human papillomavirus infection in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer 2015, 112, 1098–1104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chung, C.H.; Zhang, Q.; Kong, C.S.; Harris, J.; Fertig, E.; Harari, P.M.; Wang, D.; Redmond, K.P.; Shenouda, G.; Trotti, A.; et al. p16 Protein Expression and Human Papillomavirus Status As Prognostic Biomarkers of Nonoropharyngeal Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2014, 32, 3930–3938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chu, E.A.; Kim, Y.J. Larynx cancer: Diagnosis and preoperative work-up. Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am. 2008, 41, 673–695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Becker, M.; Zbaren, P.; Casselman, J.W.; Kohler, R.; Dulguerov, P.; Becker, C.D. Neoplastic invasion of larynx cartilage: Reassessment of criteria for diagnosis at MR imaging. Radiology 2008, 249, 551559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fleming, A.J.; Smith, S.P.; Paul, C.M.; Hall, N.C.; Daly, B.T.; Agrawal, A.; Schuller, D.E. Impact of [18F]-2-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography on Previously Untreated Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Laryngoscope 2007, 117, 1173–1179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hopkins, J.; Cescon, D.W.; Tse, D.; Bradbury, P.; Xu, W.; Ma, C.; Wheatley-Price, P.; Waldron, J.; Goldstein, D.; Meyer, F.; et al. Genetic Polymorphisms and Head and Neck Cancer Outcomes: A Review. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2008, 17, 490–499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wu, X.; Gu, J.; Spitz, M.R. Mutagen Sensitivity: A Genetic Predisposition Factor for Cancer: Table 1. Cancer Res. 2007, 67, 3493–3495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nebert, D.W.; Dalton, T.P. The role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in endogenous signalling pathways and environmental carcinogenesis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2006, 6, 947–960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nebert, D.W.; Russell, D.W. Clinical importance of the cytochromes P450. Lancet 2002, 360, 1155–1162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Daniels, D.S.; Woo, T.T.; Luu, K.X.; Noll, D.M.; Clarke, N.D.; E Pegg, A.; Tainer, J.A. DNA binding and nucleotide flipping by the human DNA repair protein AGT. Nat. Struct. Mol. Boil. 2004, 11, 714–720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chae, M.H.; Jang, J.-S.; Kang, H.-G.; Park, J.H.; Park, J.M.; Lee, W.K.; Kam, S.; Lee, E.B.; Son, J.-W.; Park, J.Y. O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase gene polymorphisms and the risk of primary lung cancer. Mol. Carcinog. 2006, 45, 239–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hall, J.; Hashibe, M.; Boffetta, P.; Gaborieau, V.; Moullan, N.; Chabrier, A.; Zaridze, D.G.; Shangina, O.; Szeszenia-Dabrowska, N.; Mates, D.; et al. The association of sequence variants in DNA repair and cell cycle genes with cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract. Carcinogenesis 2006, 28, 665–671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Han, J.; Hankinson, S.E.; Vivo, I.D. Polymorphisms in O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase and endometrial cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 2006, 27, 2281–2285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tripathy, C.B.; Roy, N. Meta-analysis of glutathione S-transferase M1 genotype and risk toward head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2006, 28, 217–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhuo, W.-L.; Wang, Y.; Zhuo, X.-L.; Zhu, B.; Zhu, Y.; Chen, Z.-T. Polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and GSTM1 and larynx cancer risk: Evidence-based meta-analyses. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 135, 1081–1090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gil, J.; Gaj, P.; Misiak, B.; Ostrowski, J.; Karpiński, P.; Jarczyńska, A.; Kielan, W.; Sąsiadek, M.M. CYP1A1 Ile462Val polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk in Polish patients. Med. Oncol. 2014, 31, 72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Preissner, S.; Kroll, K.; Dunkel, M.; Senger, C.; Goldsobel, G.; Kuzman, D.; Guenther, S.; Winnenburg, R.; Schroeder, M.; Preissner, R. SuperCYP: A comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009, 38, D237–D243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guengerich, F.P. Roles of cytochrome P-450 enzymes in chemical carcinogenesis and cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Res. 1988, 48, 2946–2954. [Google Scholar]
- Guengerich, F.P.; Kim, N.H.; Iwasaki, M. Role of human cytochrome P-450 IIE1 in the oxidation of many low molecular weight cancer suspects. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1991, 4, 168–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gelboin, H.V. Benzo[alpha]pyrene metabolism, activation and carcinogenesis: Role and regulation of mixed-function oxidases and related enzymes. Physiol. Rev. 1980, 60, 1107–1166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hayes, J.D.; Flanagan, J.U.; Jowsey, I.R. Glutathione transferases. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2005, 45, 51–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Borm, P.J.; Knaapen, A.M.; Schins, R.P.; Godschalk, R.; Van Schooten, F.-J. Neutrophils Amplify the Formation of DNA Adducts by Benzo[a]pyrene in Lung Target Cells. Environ. Health Perspect. 1997, 105, 1089. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Acar, H.; Ozturk, K.; Müslümanoğlu, M.H.; Yildirim, M.S.; Cora, T.; Cilingir, O.; Ozer, B. Relation of glutathione S-transferase genotypes (GSTM1 and GSTT1) to laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma risk. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 2006, 169, 89–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Boccia, S.; Cadoni, G.; Sayed-Tabatabaei, F.A.; Volante, M.; Arzani, D.; De Lauretis, A.; Cattel, C.; Almadori, G.; Van Duijn, C.M.; Paludetti, G.; et al. CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1, GSTT1, EPHX1 exons 3 and 4, and NAT2 polymorphisms, smoking, consumption of alcohol and fruit and vegetables and risk of head and neck cancer. J. Cancer Res. Clin. 2007, 134, 93–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hashibe, M.; Brennan, P.; Strange, R.C.; Bhisey, R.; Cascorbi, I.; Lazarus, P.; Ophuis, M.B.O.; Benhamou, S.; Foulkes, W.D.; Katoh, T.; et al. Meta- and pooled analyses of GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, and CYP1A1 genotypes and risk of head and neck cancer. Cancer Epidem. Biomar. 2003, 12, 1509–1517. [Google Scholar]
- Hahn, M.; Hagedorn, G.; Kuhlisch, E.; Schackert, H.K.; Eckelt, U. Genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes and susceptibility to oral cavity cancer. Oral Oncol. 2002, 38, 486–490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Varela-Lema, L.; Taioli, E.; Ruano-Ravina, A.; Barros-Dios, J.M.; Anantharaman, D.; Benhamou, S.; Boccia, S.; A Bhisey, R.; Cadoni, G.; Capoluongo, E.; et al. Meta-analysis and pooled analysis of GSTM1 and CYP1A1 polymorphisms and oral and pharyngeal cancers: A HuGE-GSEC review. Genet. Med. 2008, 10, 369–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gajecka, M.; Rydzanicz, M.; Jaskula-Sztul, R.; Kujawski, M.; Szyfter, W.; Szyfter, K. CYP1A1, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, NAT2, GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms or their combinations are associated with the increased risk of the laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Mutat. Res. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. 2005, 574, 112–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pantel, M.; Guntinas -Lichius, O. Larynx carcinoma: Epidemiology, risk factors and survival. HNO 2012, 60, 32–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sull, J.W.; Ohrr, H.; Kang, D.R.; Nam, C.M. Glutathione S-Transferase M1 Status and Breast Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. Yonsei Med. J. 2004, 45, 683. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, X.; Zhou, S.; Wang, Z.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, Z. CYP1A1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms and lung cancer risk in Chinese populations: A meta-analysis. Lung Cancer 2008, 59, 155–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- White, D.L.; Li, N.; Nurgalieva, Z.; El-Serag, H.B. Genetic Variants of Glutathione S-Transferase as Possible Risk Factors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A HuGE Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2008, 167, 377–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yang, C.-X.; Matsuo, K.; Wang, Z.-M.; Tajima, K. Phase I/II enzyme gene polymorphisms and esophageal cancer risk: A meta-analysis of the literature. World J. Gastroenterol. 2005, 11, 2531–2538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ntais, C.; Polycarpou, A.; A Ioannidis, J.P. Association of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms with the risk of prostate cancer: A meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2005, 14, 176–181. [Google Scholar]
- Ying, X.J.; Dong, P.; Shen, B.; Xu, C.Z.; Xu, H.M.; Zhao, S.W. Glutathione StransferaseM1 gene polymorphismand larynx cancer risk: Ametaanalysis. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e42826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hanna, E.; MacLeod, S.; Vural, E.; Lang, N. Genetic deletions of glutathione-S-transferase as a risk factor in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx: A preliminary report. Am. J. Otolaryngol. 2001, 22, 121–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ying, X.J.; Xu, C.Z.; Xu, H.M.; Sun, Z.F.; Zhang, J.; Wang, G.L.; Dong, P. Lack of association between glutathione S-transferase T1 gene polymorphism and larynx cancer susceptibility: A meta-analysis based on 2124 cases and 2059 controls. Gene 2012, 494, 11–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bediaga, N.G.; Marichalar-Mendia, X.; Rey-Barja, N.; Setien-Olarra, A.; González-García, J.A.; De Pancorbo, M.M.; Aguirre-Urizar, J.M.; Acha-Sagredo, A. Polymorphisms in alcohol and tobacco metabolism genes in head and neck cancer in the Basque Country. J. Oral Pathol. Med. 2015, 44, 769–775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, W.; Li, Y.; Lu, E.; Ma, M. CYP1A1 RS1048943 and RS4646903 polymorphisms associated with larynx cancer susceptibility among Asian populations: A meta -analysis. J. Cell Mol. Med. 2016, 20, 287–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lai, R.; Crevier, L.; Thabane, L. Genetic Polymorphisms of Glutathione S-Transferases and the Risk of Adult Brain Tumors: A Meta-analysis. Cancer Epidem. Biomar. 2005, 14, 1784–1790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, K.; Jiang, Q.-T.; He, H.-Q. Relationship between metabolic enzyme polymorphism and colorectal cancer. World J. Gastroenterol. 2005, 11, 331–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saadat, M. Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) and susceptibility to gastric cancer: A meta-analysis. Cancer Sci. 2006, 97, 505–509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ye, Z.; Song, H. Glutathione s-transferase polymorphisms (GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1) and the risk of acute leukaemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Cancer 2005, 41, 980–989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhu, Y.; Guo, L.; Wang, S.; Yu, Q.; Lu, J. Association of Smoking and XPG, CYP1A1, OGG1, ERCC5, ERCC1, MMP2, and MMP9 Gene Polymorphisms with the early detection and occurrence of Larynx Squamous Carcinoma. Cancer 2018, 9, 968–977. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, Y.; Wang, J.-J.; Sun, L.; Li, H.-L. Association between CYP1A1 polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Mol. Boil. Rep. 2011, 39, 3533–3540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buyukgoze, O.; Osmanoglu, N.; Arslan, S.; Şen, A. Association of the CYP1A1*2A, GSTT1 null, GSTM1 null, mEPHX*3, and XRCC1-399 genetic polymorphisms with ulcerative colitis. Int. J. Color. Dis. 2012, 28, 593–595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamachi, T.; Tajima, O.; Uezono, K.; Tabata, S.; Abe, H.; Ohnaka, K.; Kono, S. CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and NQO1 polymorphisms and colorectal adenomas in Japanese men. World J. Gastroenterol. 2013, 19, 4023–4030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Characteristics | Larynx/Hypopharynx Cancer (n = 80) | Healthy Controls (n = 23) | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age: mean ± SD * | 62.55 ± 9.86 | 63.87 ± 7.94 | 2.24 (5.76–3.12) | 0.557 |
Sex: n (%) | 1.77 (0.15–20–47) | 0.642 | ||
Male | 78 (97.50) | 22 (95.65) | ||
Female | 2 (2.50) | 1 (4.35) | ||
Smoking behavior: n (%) | 0.85 (0.16–4.53) | 0.850 | ||
Yes | 74 (92.50) | 21 (91.31) | ||
No | 6 (7.50) | 2 (8.69) | ||
Alcohol consumption: n (%) | 1.12 (0.42–2.96) | 0.812 | ||
Yes | 50 (62.50) | 15 (65.21) | ||
No | 30 (37.50) | 8 (34.79) |
Characteristics | Larynx Cancer (n = 75) n (%) | Pharynx Cancer (n = 5) n (%) |
---|---|---|
Tumour site | ||
Supraglottic | 28 (37.33) | - |
Glottic | 47 (62.67) | - |
Hypopharynx | - | 5 (100.00) |
T Stage | ||
1 | 14 (18.66) | 0 (0) |
2 | 20 (26.67) | 0 (0) |
3 | 26 (34.67) | 2 (40.00) |
4 | 15 (20.00) | 3 (60.00) |
N Stage lymph nodes | ||
0 | 54 (72.00) | 0 (0) |
1 | 8 (10.67) | 0 (0) |
2 | 11 (14.67) | 1 (20.00) |
3 | 2 (2.66) | 4 (80.00) |
Clinical Stage | ||
I | 14 (18.66) | 0 (0) |
II | 20 (26.67) | 0 (0) |
III | 16 (21.34) | 1 (20.00) |
IV | 25 (33.33) | 4 (80.00) |
Genotype | Healthy Controls (n = 23) n (%) | Larynx/Hypopharynx (80) n (%) | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Larynx Cancer (n = 75) n (%) | OR (85% CI) | p-Value | Hypopharynx Cancer (n = 5) n (%) | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GSTM1 | 2.83 (1.01–7.92) | 0.042 | 2.75 (0.98–7.76) | 0.049 | 4.25 (0.56–31.93) | 0.141 | ||||
Absence or null | 6 (26.09) | 40 (50.00) | 37 (49.33) | 3 (60.00) | ||||||
Presence | 17 (73.91) | 40 (50.00) | 38 (50.67) | 2 (40.00) | ||||||
GSTT1 | 5.07 (1.71–15.04) | 0.002 | 4.71 (1.58–14.01) | 0.003 | 1.64 (1.18–2.28) | 0.090 | ||||
Absence or null | 14 (60.86) | 71 (88.75) | 66 (88.00) | 5 (100.00) | ||||||
Presence | 9 (39.14) | 9 (11.25) | 9 (12.00) | 0 (0) |
Variables | GSTM1 Present/Absent | GSTT1 Present/Absent | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value | |
Age (≤65/>65) | 0.73 | 0.31–1.69 | 0.465 | 0.38 | 0.11–1.44 | 0.157 |
Smoking | 1.93 | 1.59–2.35 | 0.008 | 0.61 | 0.11–3.28 | 0.563 |
Alcohol | 0.84 | 0.37–1.91 | 0.690 | 5.87 | 1.27–27.18 | 0.023 |
Larynx/hypopharynx cancer | 2.83 | 1.01–7.92 | 0.047 | 5.07 | 1.71–15.04 | 0.003 |
Genotype | Healthy Controls (n = 23) n (%) | Larynx/Hypopharynx (80) n (%) | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Larynx Cancer (n = 75) n (%) | OR (85% CI) | p-Value | Hypopharynx Cancer (n = 5) n (%) | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CYP1A1 rs4646903 | 1.21 (1.01–1.46) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.01–1.46) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.01–1.46) | 0.314 | ||||
(+): CC | 4 (17.39) | 80 (100.00) | 75 (100.00) | 5 (100.00) | ||||||
(-): TC/TT | 19 (82.61) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||||
CYP1A1–2 rs1048943 | 0.18 (0.02–1.45) | 0.075 | 0.16 (0.02–1.34) | 0.060 | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 0.635 | ||||
(+): GG | 22 (95.65) | 64 (80.00) | 59 (78.66) | 5 (100) | ||||||
(-): AG/AA | 1 (4.35) | 16 (20.00) | 16 (21.34) | 0 (0) |
Variables | CYP1A1 Present/Absent | CYP1A1–2 Present/Absent | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value | |
Age (≤65/>65) | 0.73 | 0.07–7.31 | 0.790 | 0.91 | 0.29–2.84 | 0.872 |
Smoking | 0.91 | 0.86–0.97 | 0.554 | 0.56 | 0.11–3.05 | 0.505 |
Alcohol | 0.57 | 0.07–4.23 | 0.584 | 0.33 | 0.11–0.98 | 0.046 |
Larynx/hypopharynx cancer | 0.19 | 0.12–0.28 | <0.001 | 0.18 | 0.02–1.45 | 0.108 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sánchez-Siles, M.; Pelegrín-Hernández, J.P.; Hellin-Meseguer, D.; Guerrero-Sánchez, Y.; Corno-Caparrós, A.; Cabezas-Herrera, J.; Pastor-Quirante, F.; Fernández-Ruiz, J.A.; Aliaga-Sánchez, A.; Lucero-Berdugo, M.; et al. Genotype of Null Polymorphisms in Genes GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1, and CYP1A1*2A (rs4646903 T>C)/CYP1A1*2C (rs1048943 A>G) in Patients with Larynx Cancer in Southeast Spain. Cancers 2020, 12, 2478. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12092478
Sánchez-Siles M, Pelegrín-Hernández JP, Hellin-Meseguer D, Guerrero-Sánchez Y, Corno-Caparrós A, Cabezas-Herrera J, Pastor-Quirante F, Fernández-Ruiz JA, Aliaga-Sánchez A, Lucero-Berdugo M, et al. Genotype of Null Polymorphisms in Genes GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1, and CYP1A1*2A (rs4646903 T>C)/CYP1A1*2C (rs1048943 A>G) in Patients with Larynx Cancer in Southeast Spain. Cancers. 2020; 12(9):2478. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12092478
Chicago/Turabian StyleSánchez-Siles, Mariano, Juan Pablo Pelegrín-Hernández, Diego Hellin-Meseguer, Yolanda Guerrero-Sánchez, Andrés Corno-Caparrós, Juan Cabezas-Herrera, Francisco Pastor-Quirante, Juan Alberto Fernández-Ruiz, Alfonso Aliaga-Sánchez, Mayra Lucero-Berdugo, and et al. 2020. "Genotype of Null Polymorphisms in Genes GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1, and CYP1A1*2A (rs4646903 T>C)/CYP1A1*2C (rs1048943 A>G) in Patients with Larynx Cancer in Southeast Spain" Cancers 12, no. 9: 2478. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12092478