Mesenchymal Stromal-Like Cells in the Glioma Microenvironment: What Are These Cells?
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. General Characteristics of GASCs
3. Origin of GASCs
4. Functions of GASCs
5. Heterogeneity of GASCs
6. GASCs: A Prognostic Marker for Gliomas
7. GASCs and Cellular Models
8. GASCs: A Future Treatment Target or Therapeutic Tool?
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nomenclature Used | Sources | Method of Identification | Characteristics of Cultured GASCs | Major Characteristics or Functions of GASCs Identified | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GS-MSCs | Orthotopic xenografting of human gCSCs in mice | - Primary cultures | - Spindle-shape morphology - Markers: Sca-1+, CD9+ CD45−, CD11b−, CD31−, NG2− - Differentiation into adipocytes, osteoblasts and chondrocytes - Non-tumorigenic behavior | Location of GASCs: - Predominantly located around blood vessels. | [7] |
GASCs | Peritumoral region from GBs | - Primary cultures - IF analysis: (FSP1/S100A4+) | - Adherence to plastic with spindle-shape morphology - Markers: α-SMA+, PDGFRβ+, FSP1/S100A4+, CD105+, CD73+, CD90+, CD31−, CD14−, GFAP−, CD34−, CD45− - GASCs underwent osteogenesis, but not adipogenesis - Non-tumorigenic behavior - Diploid cells | Tumor-supporting function: - GASCs have tumor-promoting effects on glioma cell lines in vitro and in vivo. - GASCs increase angiogenesis in the orthotopic U87MG glioma model. Heterogeneity of GASCs: - Two subtypes of GASCs identified in surgical margins of GB patients: GASC-B promoted the development of tumors and endothelium, whereas GASC-A did not. Invasion function: GASC-secreted CXCL14 may drive glycolysis and cell invasion in glioma via the UCA1/miR-182/PFKFB2 axis. Prognostic role: CXCL14 is overexpressed in GASCs and predicts clinical outcome. | [21,22,23,24,25] |
MSLCs/GS-MSLCs/tMSLCs | Human glioma specimens | - Primary cultures - IF analysis (CD105+/CD31− or CD105+/NG2−) | - Adherence to plastic with spindle-shape morphology - Markers: CD105+, CD73+, CD90+, CD45−, CD31−, NG2− - Differentiation into adipocytes, osteoblasts and chondrocytes - Non-tumorigenic behavior | Invasion function: - GASCs contribute to the abundance of HA in TME through HAS2 induction, thereby increasing the invasiveness of GB cells. - GASCs are involved in force-mediated proinvasive ECM remodeling through CCL2/JAK1/MLC2 signaling in GB, like CAFs in carcinoma. - GASCs promote the invasion of GB cells through the secretion of C5a into the TME, further increasing ZEB1 expression in GB cells via the C5aR1/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Prognostic role: - The isolation of GASCs from the specimen of primary GB is negatively associated with patient survival. | [9,10,12,13,15,16] |
BT-MSCs | - GL261 murine glioma model - Human GB specimens | - Primary cultures | Murine model: - Fibroblastoid morphology - Markers: Lin-Sca1+/CD9+/CD44+/CD166+/− - Multilineage differentiation capacity - Tumorigenic behavior Human model: - Markers: CD44+, CD9+, CD166+ | Tumor-supporting function: - The infiltration of GASCs is correlated with tumor progression. - GASCs increased the proliferation rate of GL261 cells in vitro. | [8] |
CAF-like cells | Human GB specimens | - IF analysis: (α-SMA+/GFAP- or TE-7+/GFAP-) | - Markers: α-SMA+, TE-7+, GFAP− | Location of GASCs: - Predominantly localized around abnormal blood vessels. | [17] |
GA-hMSCs | Human glioma specimens | - Primary cultures - IF analysis: (CD105+/CD31− or CD105+/PDGFRβ+) - Flow cytometry analysis: triple-positive (CD105+/CD73+/CD90+) cells | - Adherence to plastic with spindle-shape morphology - Markers: CD105+, CD73+, CD90+, CD45−, CD34− - Did not harbor mutations common to GB - Differentiation into adipocytes, osteoblasts and chondrocytes (NB: some specimens differentiated into only two mesenchymal phenotypes) - Non-tumorigenic behavior | Tumor-supporting function: - Increase the proliferation and self-renewal of GSCs in vitro and enhance GSC tumorigenicity and mesenchymal features in vivo. - These effects are mediated by the secretion of soluble growth-promoting factors, such as IL-6, and by the exosomal delivery of specific oncogenic miRNAs, such as miR-1587. Prognostic role: - The percentage of GASCs is inversely correlated with OS. | [2,3,4] |
MSLCs | Human glioma specimens | - Primary cultures | - Adherence to plastic with spindle-shape morphology - Markers: CD73+, CD105+, CD90+ or CD90− - Differentiation into osteoblasts and, to some extent, adipocytes and chondrocytes | Heterogeneity of GASCs: - Two different subsets of GASCs, differing in their expression of the CD90 surface marker, were discovered after cell sorting. - The CD90− GASCs produce more VEGF and PGE2 than their CD90+ counterparts. | [11] |
tMSCs | Human glioma specimens | - Primary cultures | - Adherence to plastic with spindle-shape morphology - Markers: CD44+, CD105+, CD166+, CD45−, CD34− | Heterogeneity of GASCs: - GASCs derived from LGGs and HGGs have different proteome profiles. - Molecules associated with mesenchymal cells (vimentin and transglin), and tumor aggressiveness with potential secretory behavior (e.g., cathepsin B) were among those for which differential gene expression was detected. | [14] |
GbMSCs | Human glioma specimens | - Primary cultures | - Adherence to plastic with spindle-shape morphology - Markers: CD73+, CD105+, CD44+, CD90high or CD90low, CD31−, CD34−, CD14−, NG2−, PDGFRβ− - Differentiation into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes | Heterogeneity of GASCs: - Two GASC subpopulations based on CD90 expression (CD90high and CD90low). Tumor-supporting function: - CD90high GASCs significantly promoted glioma cell growth whereas CD90low GASCs promoted angiogenesis via pericyte transition. | [5,6] |
GASCs | Human glioma specimens | - Primary cultures | - Adherence to plastic with spindle-shape morphology - Markers: CD105+, CD73+, CD90+, CD45- - Differentiation into mesodermal derivatives, such as endothelial-, osteoblast-, and myocyte-like cells - Non-tumorigenic behavior | Tumor-supporting function: - GASCs support the malignant properties of both GB cell lines (A172 and U87) and human GSCs, mainly through the release of exosomes. - Exosomes released both from HGGs and LGGs were able to increase the in vitro aggressiveness of GB cells, although those from LGGs did so to a significantly lesser extent. Invasion function: - The strength of GSCs adhesion to GASCs appears to be significantly lower for cells derived from HGGs than for those derived from LGGs. - GSCs from HGGs firmly adhere to GASCs from LGGs, but not to those from HGGs. Prognostic role: - Ability of a score based on the expression of nine GASC surface markers (CD133, CD271, ABCG2, E-Cadherin, CD90, CD49a, CD49d, CD105, CD73) to predict OS and malignant PFS in LGG patients. - An NF-κB signature extrapolated from GASC predicts LGG prognosis. | [18,19,20,26] |
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Clavreul, A.; Menei, P. Mesenchymal Stromal-Like Cells in the Glioma Microenvironment: What Are These Cells? Cancers 2020, 12, 2628. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12092628
Clavreul A, Menei P. Mesenchymal Stromal-Like Cells in the Glioma Microenvironment: What Are These Cells? Cancers. 2020; 12(9):2628. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12092628
Chicago/Turabian StyleClavreul, Anne, and Philippe Menei. 2020. "Mesenchymal Stromal-Like Cells in the Glioma Microenvironment: What Are These Cells?" Cancers 12, no. 9: 2628. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12092628