Cellular and Molecular Progression of Prostate Cancer: Models for Basic and Preclinical Research
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Cellular and Molecular Progression of Prostate Cancer
3. Prostate Cancer Research Models
3.1. Cell Line Models
3.1.1. Non-Cancerous Prostate Epithelial Cell Lines
RWPE-1
BPH-1
pRNS-1-1
RC-77N/E
HprEpC
3.1.2. Prostate Cancer Cell Lines
Castration-Sensitive
LNCaP
LAPC-4
LAPC-9
RWPE-2
VCaP
MDA-PCa 2a/2b
LuCaP 23.1
RC-77T/E
12T-7f
Castration-Resistant Cell Lines
Androgen-Receptor Expressing
C4-2/C4-2B
22. Rv1
Androgen-Receptor Non-Expressing
PC-3
DU-145
ARCaP
3.2. Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Prostate Cancer
3.2.1. TRAMP
3.2.2. LADY
3.2.3. Pten Deficient Mice
3.2.4. Ptenpc−/−Smad4pc−/−
3.2.5. Hi/Lo-Myc
3.2.6. MPAKT
3.3. Patient Tumor-Derived Models
3.3.1. Three-Dimensional (3-D) Organoid Cultures
3.3.2. Patient-Derived Xenografts (PDX)
3.4. Other Models
3.4.1. Rat Models
3.4.2. Zebrafish Model
4. Conclusions and Future Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cell Line | Origin | Doubling Time | AR | PSA | Markers | Cyto-Keratin | Source | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-cancerous prostate epithelial cell lines | ||||||||
RWPE-1 | NPEC in peripheral zone | 120 h | + | + | p53, Rb | 8, 18 | ATCC | [88,89] |
BPH-1 | Primary prostatic tissue | 35 h | − | − | p53, BAX, PTEN, p21 | 8, 18, 19 | ACCEGEN, Creative Bioarray, DSMZ | [90] |
pRNS-1-1 | radical prostatectomy | 72 h | − | − | PTEN | 5, 8 | NCI and Stanford University | [91] |
RC77N/E | Non-malignant tissue of a PCa patient | No report | + | − | NKX3.1, p16 | 8 | Tuskegee University | [92] |
HprEpC | Normal human prostate | No report | + | + | Cytokeratin 18 | 14, 18, 19 | Cell applications, iXcells Biotechnologies, EZ biosystem | [93] |
Hormone sensitive | ||||||||
LNCaP | lymph node metastatic | 28–60 h | + | + | WT p53, PTEN loss, vimentin, PAP, CBP, negative desmin | 8, 18, 20 | ATCC, Creative Bioarray, ACCEGEN, SIGMA | [94] |
LAPC-4 | lymph node metastatic from an androgen insensitive patient | 72 h | + | + | p53 mutation | 5, 8, 18 | ATCC * | [95] |
LAPC-9 | bone metastasis from a patient with ADT | No report | + | + | Ki67, PTEN loss | 5 | ATCC * | [96] |
VCaP | metastatic tumor | 51 h | + | + | p53 mutation, Rb, PAP, PTEN | 8, 18 | ATCC, SIGMA, ACCEGEN | [97] |
MDA-PCa 2a/2b | bone metastasis from an African-American male | 82–93 h/42–73 h | + | + | WT p53, p21, Rb, Bcl-2 | 5, 8, 18 | ATCC | [98] |
LuCaP 23.1 | lymph node and liver metastatic | 11–21 days | + | + | 5α-reductase type I, WT PTEN | No report | University of Washington | [99] |
RC-77T/E | Radical prostatectomy from an African-American patient | No report | + | + | p16, NKX3.1, β-catenin, α-actinin-1, filamin-A | 8 | Tuskegee University | [92] |
Castration resistant | ||||||||
PC-3 | lumbar vertebral metastasis | 33 h | − | − | PTEN loss, no p53 expression, TGF-α, EGFR, transferrin receptor | 7, 8, 18, 19 | ATCC, SIGMA, ACCEGEN, Creative Bioarray | [100] |
DU-145 | Brain metastasis | 34 h | − | − | TGF-α/β, EGFR, IGF-1, EGF | 5, 7, 8, 18 | ATCC, ACCEGEN | [101] |
C4-2/C4-2B | mouse vertebral metastasis LNCaP cell xenograft | 48 h | + | + | p53, PTEN loss, marker chromosome m1 | 8 | ATCC | [102,103] |
22Rv1 | CWR22R xenograft derivative | 35–40 h | + | + | kallikrien-like serine protease, AR splice variant | 8, 18 | ATCC, SIGMA, ACCEGEN, Creative Bioarray | [104] |
ARCaP | ascites fluid of a patient with advanced metastatic disease | No report | + | + | EGFR, c-erb B2/neu, c-erb B3, bombesin, serotonin | 8, 18 | Novicure Biotechnology | [105] |
Model | Advantages | Limitations | Sources |
---|---|---|---|
3D-organoid |
|
| Primary prostate cancer patient-derived tissue |
PDX |
|
| Primary prostate cancer patient-derived tissue, CrownBio, The Jackson Laboratory |
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Saranyutanon, S.; Deshmukh, S.K.; Dasgupta, S.; Pai, S.; Singh, S.; Singh, A.P. Cellular and Molecular Progression of Prostate Cancer: Models for Basic and Preclinical Research. Cancers 2020, 12, 2651. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12092651
Saranyutanon S, Deshmukh SK, Dasgupta S, Pai S, Singh S, Singh AP. Cellular and Molecular Progression of Prostate Cancer: Models for Basic and Preclinical Research. Cancers. 2020; 12(9):2651. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12092651
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaranyutanon, Sirin, Sachin Kumar Deshmukh, Santanu Dasgupta, Sachin Pai, Seema Singh, and Ajay Pratap Singh. 2020. "Cellular and Molecular Progression of Prostate Cancer: Models for Basic and Preclinical Research" Cancers 12, no. 9: 2651. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12092651