MicroRNAs as Epigenetic Determinants of Treatment Response and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Prostate Cancer
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Prostate Cancer Management
1.1.1. Radical Prostatectomy and Radiotherapy
1.1.2. Androgen Deprivation Therapy
1.1.3. Chemotherapy
1.2. Key Pathways Involved in PCa Growth and Disease Progression
1.3. Molecular Contributors Underlying PCa Treatment Response
1.3.1. Radiotherapy
1.3.2. Androgen Deprivation Therapy
1.3.3. Chemotherapy
1.4. MicroRNAs in Cancer
1.5. MicroRNAs in Prostate Cancer
2. miRNAs Involved in PCa Response to Ionizing Radiation
2.1. DNA Damage Response
2.2. Cell Cycle Checkpoints
2.3. Apoptosis and Autophagy
2.4. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
3. MiRNAs Involved in Drug Response
3.1. AR Signaling
3.2. Survival Pathways/Apoptosis Escape
3.3. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Induction
3.4. Drug Efflux Transporter Activity
4. MiRNAs Involved in Neuroendocrine PCa Development
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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miRNA | Expression in PCa | Target | Mechanism | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
miR-15/miR16 | downregulated | Cyclin D1,WNT3A | Cell cycle | [67] |
miR-205 | downregulated | PKCε | Cell cycle | [68,69] |
PKCε, ZEB1 | EMT | [70] | ||
miR-34a | downregulated | SIRT1, Wnt, c-Myc, STMN | Apoptosis, cell cycle | [71,72,73,74] |
miR-21 | overexpressed | KLF5, PTEN | Apoptosis, cell proliferation, invasion and migration | [75,76] |
miRNA | Target | Mechanism | Effect on Treatment | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
miR-106b | / | Cell cycle | resistance | [92] |
miR-107 | GRN | Cell cycle | sensitivity | [93] |
miR-124 | PIM1 | Autophagy | sensitivity | [94] |
miR-1272 | HIP1 | EMT | sensitivity | [95] |
miR-144 | PIM2 | Autophagy | sensitivity | [94] |
miR-145 | SPOP | DDR | sensitivity | [96,97] |
miR-16-5p | Cyclin D | Cell cycle | sensitivity | [98] |
miR-205 | PKCε | DDR | sensitivity | [69] |
TP53INP1 | Autophagy | sensitivity | [99] | |
PKCε, ZEB1 | EMT | sensitivity | [69] | |
miR-30a | TP53INP1 | Autophagy | sensitivity | [100] |
miR-32 | DAB2IP | Autophagy | resistance | [101] |
miR-449 | pRB/E2F1, c-Myc | Cell cycle | sensitivity | [102,103,104] |
miR-498 | PTEN | Apoptosis | resistance | [105] |
miR-521 | CSA | DDR | sensitivity | [106] |
miR-541-3p | HSP27 | Apoptosis | sensitivity | [107] |
miR-744-3p | RAD23B | DDR | sensitivity | [108] |
miR-875-5p | EGFR | EMT | sensitivity | [109] |
miR-890 | MAD2L2, WEE1, XPC | DDR | sensitivity | [108] |
miR-95 | SGPP1 | Cell cycle | resistance | [110] |
miR-99a/miR-100 | SNF2H | DDR | sensitivity | [111] |
miRNA | Target | Mechanism | Effect on Treatment | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
miR-124 | ARv7; ARv4; EZH2 | AR signaling | sensitivity | [133] |
miR-185 | AR; BRD8 ISO2 | AR signaling | sensitivity | [124,125] |
miR-221/222 | - | AR signaling | resistance in AR-sensitive cells; sensitivity in AR-independent cells | [127,128,129] |
miR-30 family | AR; ARv7 | AR signaling | sensitivity | [131] |
miR-34c | ARv7; ARv4 | AR signaling | sensitivity | [132] |
miR-449b | ARv7; ARv4 | AR signaling | sensitivity | [132] |
miRNA | Target | Mechanism | Effect on Treatment | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
miR-128 | ZEB1 | EMT | sensitivity to cisplatin | [157] |
miR-143 | KRAS pathway | Apoptosis | sensitivity to docetaxel | [137] |
miR-148a | MSK1 | Apoptosis | sensitivity to taxanes | [141] |
miR-200b/c | ZEB1; ZEB2 | EMT | sensitivity to docetaxel | [154] |
miR-204 | ACSL4 | Drug efflux | sensitivity to docetaxel | [158] |
miR-205 | Bcl-w; Bcl-2 | Apoptois | sensitivity to docetaxel | [150,151] |
- | EMT | sensitivity to docetaxel | [154] | |
miR-21 | PDCD4 | Apoptosis | resistance to docetaxel | [144,160] |
miR-223-3p | FOX3 | Apoptosis | resistance to docetaxel | [138] |
miR-323 | p73 | Apoptosis | resistance to docetaxel | [139] |
miR-34a | SIRT1; Bcl-2 | Apoptosis | sensitivity to docetaxel | [148] |
ACSL4; JAG1 | Drug efflux | sensitivity to doxorubicin | [158,159] | |
miR-34c | - | Apoptosis | sensitivity to docetaxel | [149] |
miR-375 | YAP; SEC23A | Apoptosis | resistance to docetaxel | [140] |
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Doldi, V.; El Bezawy, R.; Zaffaroni, N. MicroRNAs as Epigenetic Determinants of Treatment Response and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Prostate Cancer. Cancers 2021, 13, 2380. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13102380
Doldi V, El Bezawy R, Zaffaroni N. MicroRNAs as Epigenetic Determinants of Treatment Response and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Prostate Cancer. Cancers. 2021; 13(10):2380. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13102380
Chicago/Turabian StyleDoldi, Valentina, Rihan El Bezawy, and Nadia Zaffaroni. 2021. "MicroRNAs as Epigenetic Determinants of Treatment Response and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Prostate Cancer" Cancers 13, no. 10: 2380. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13102380