Vitamin D Intake and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Case-Control and Prospective Cohort Studies
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy and Study Selection
2.2. Data Extraction
2.3. Quality Assessment of the Included Studies
2.4. Vitamin D Intake and Colorectal Cancer Outcomes
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Study Characteristics
Study | Country | Study Name | Controls (M/F) | Cancer Type | Cases (M/F) | Vitamin D Intake | Vitamin D Source | Age (Years) | Quality a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peters et al. 1992 [15] | USA | 746 | CC | 746 (419/327) | Continuous | Dietary | 45–69 | GOOD | |
Ferraroni et al. 1994 [19] | Italy | 2024 (1189/835) | CRC CC RC | CRC: 1326 (711/615) CC: 828 RC: 398 | Q5 vs. Q1 | Dietary | 20 to 74 | FAIR | |
Olsen et al. 1994 [20] | Denmark | 759 (438/321) | CRC | 49 | T3 vs. T1 | Dietary | 45 to 74 | GOOD | |
Boutron et al. 1996 [21] | France | 309 (159/150) | CRC | 171 (109/62) | Q5 vs. Q1 | Dietary | 30 to 75 | GOOD | |
Pritchard et al. 1996 [22] | Sweden | 512 (276/236) | RC CC | RC: 217 (107/110) CC: 352 (189/163) | Qu4 vs. Qu1 b | Dietary | 67.7 (9.0) | FAIR | |
La Vecchia et al. 1997 [17] | Italy | Case control study Italy | 4154 (2073/2081) | CRC CC c RC c | CRC 1953 (1125/818) CC: 1225 RC: 728 | Q5 vs. Q1 | Dietary | 23 to 74 | GOOD |
Marcus et al. 1998 [23] | USA | 678 F | CC RC | CC: 348 F RC: 164 F | Q5 vs. Q1 | Dietary Supplemental Total | <75 | FAIR | |
Kampman et al. 2000 [24] | USA | 2400 (1114/1286) | CC | 1993 (1095/888) | Q5 vs. Q1 | Dietary Supplemental (Ever vs. Never) | 30 to 79 | GOOD | |
Levi et al. 2000 [25] | Switzerland | 491 (211/280) | CRC | 223 (142/81) | T3 vs. T1 | Dietary | 27 to 74 | GOOD | |
Slattery et al. 2004 [26] | USA | KPMCP and the state of Utah | 1197 (672//525) | RC | RC: 946 (556/390) | Four categories (highest vs. lowest) d | Dietary | 30 to 79 | GOOD |
Mizoue et al. 2008 [27] | Japan | Fukuoka Colorectal Cancer Study | 861 (327/534) | CRC CC RC | CRC: 836 (502/334) CC: 476 RC: 354 | Q5 vs. Q1 | Dietary | 20 to 74 | GOOD |
Theodoratou et al. 2008 [28] | UK | SOCCS | 2793 (1591/1202) | CRC | 2070 (1185/885) | Q5 vs. Q1 | Dietary Total | 16 to 79 | GOOD |
Lipworth et al. 2009 [29] | Italy | 4154 (2073/2081) | CC RC | CC: 1225 (688/537) RC: 728 (437/291) | D10 vs. D1 | Dietary | 20–74 | GOOD | |
Jenab et al. 2010 [30] | Europe e | EPIC | CRC CC RC | CRC: 1248 (620/628) CC: 785 (369/416) RC: 463 (251/212) | Q5 vs. Q1 | Dietary | 30 to 77 | GOOD | |
Key et al. 2011 [31] | UK | UK Dietary Cohort Consortium | 1951 (980/971) | CRC | 565 (266/299) | Four categories (highest vs. lowest) | Dietary | 62.2 (9.2) | GOOD |
Sun et al. 2011 [32] | Canada | NL and ON cohorts | NL: 488 ON: 1830 | CRC | NL: 651 ON: 1272 | Q5 vs. Q1 | Supplemental | 20 to 74 | GOOD |
Banqué et al. 2012 [33] | Spain | 490 (312/178) | CRC | 245 (156/89) | T3 vs. T1 | Dietary | 30 to 80 | GOOD | |
Sun et al. 2012 [34] | Canada | NL and ON cohorts | 2481 (1357/1124) | CRC | 1760 (935/825) | Q5 vs. Q1 | Dietary Total | 20 to 74 | GOOD |
Vallès et al. 2018 [16] | Spain | MCC-Spain | 3950 (2018/1932) | CRC | 2140 (1365/445) | Continuous | Dietary | 20 to 85 | FAIR |
Hosseinzadeh et al. 2019 [35] | Iran | 201 (108/93) | RC | 162 (94/68) | Adequate vs. low intake | Dietary | 40 to 80 | GOOD | |
Zhang et al. 2020 [36] | China | 2389 | CRC CC RC | CRC: 2380 (1356/1924) CC: 1476 RC: 828 | Qu4 vs. Qu1 b | Dietary | 30 to 75 | GOOD |
Study | Country | Study Name | Total Population (M/F) | Cancer Type | Incident Cases (M/F) | Vitamin D Intake | Vitamin D Source | Age (Years) | Follow-UP a | Quality b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bostick et al. 1993 [37] | USA | The Iowa Women’s Health Study cohort | 35216 F | CC | 212 | Q5 vs. Q1 | Dietary Supplemental (T3 vs. T1) Total | 55 to 69 | 5 years | 8/9 |
Kearney et al. 1996 [38] | USA | The Health Professionals Follow-up Study | 47935 M | CC | 203 | Q5 vs. Q1 | Dietary Supplemental Total | 40 to 75 | 6 years | 8/9 |
Martínez et al. 1996 [18] | USA | Nurses’ Health Study | 89448 F | CRC CC c RC c | CRC: 501 CC: 396 RC: 105 | Q5 vs. Q1 | Dietary Total | 30 to 55 | 12 years | 8/9 |
Zheng et al. 1998 [39] | USA | 34702 F | RC | 144 | T3 vs. T1 | Dietary | 55 to 69 | 9 years | 8/9 | |
Järvinen et al. 2001 [40] | Finland | 9959 | CRC CC RC | CRC: 72 CC: 38 (15/23) RC: 34 (21/13) | Qu4 vs. Qu1 | Dietary | >15 | 24 years | 8/9 | |
Terry et al. 2002 [41] | Sweden | Swedish Mammography Screening Cohort | 61463 F | CRC CC RC | CRC: 517 CC: 371 RC: 191 | Q5 vs. Q1 | Dietary | 40 to 74 | 11.3 years | 9/9 |
McCullough et al. 2003 [42] | USA | Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort | 127749 (60,866/66,883) | CRC | 692 (421/271) | Q5 vs. Q1 d | Dietary | 50 to 74 | 5 years | 8/9 |
Keese et al. 2005 [43] | France | E3N-EPIC | 67,312 F | CRC | 172 | Qu4 vs. Qu1 | Dietary | 40 to 65 | 6.9 years | 8/9 |
Lin et al. 2005 [44] | USA | US Women’s Health Study | 36,976 F | CRC | 223 | Q5 vs. Q1 | Dietary Supplemental (yes vs. no) Total | >45 | 10 years | 8/9 |
Park et al. 2007 [45] | USA | Multiethnic Cohort Study (Hawaii and Los Angeles, California | 191011 (85903/105108) | CRC | 2110 (1138/972) | Q5 vs. Q1 d | Dietary Supplemental Total | 45 to 75 | 7.3 years | 7/9 |
Ishihara et al. 2008 [46] | Japan | The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study | 71138 (35193/35945) | CRC | 761 (464/297) | Q5 vs. Q1 e | Dietary | 45 to 74 | 7.8 years | 8/9 |
Um et al. 2018 [44] | USA | Iowa Women’s Health Study | 35,221 F | CRC | 1731 | Yes/No | Supplemental | 55 to 69 | 16 years | 7/9 |
3.2. Meta-Analyses of Case-Control Studies
3.2.1. Colorectal Cancer
3.2.2. Colon Cancer
3.2.3. Rectal Cancer
3.3. Meta-Analyses of Prospective Cohort Studies
3.3.1. Colorectal Cancer
3.3.2. Colon Cancer
3.3.3. Rectal Cancer
3.4. Meta-Analyses Heterogeneity and Publication Bias
3.4.1. Heterogeneity
3.4.2. Publication Bias
3.4.3. Sensitivity Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Boughanem, H.; Canudas, S.; Hernandez-Alonso, P.; Becerra-Tomás, N.; Babio, N.; Salas-Salvadó, J.; Macias-Gonzalez, M. Vitamin D Intake and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Case-Control and Prospective Cohort Studies. Cancers 2021, 13, 2814. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112814
Boughanem H, Canudas S, Hernandez-Alonso P, Becerra-Tomás N, Babio N, Salas-Salvadó J, Macias-Gonzalez M. Vitamin D Intake and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Case-Control and Prospective Cohort Studies. Cancers. 2021; 13(11):2814. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112814
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoughanem, Hatim, Silvia Canudas, Pablo Hernandez-Alonso, Nerea Becerra-Tomás, Nancy Babio, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, and Manuel Macias-Gonzalez. 2021. "Vitamin D Intake and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Case-Control and Prospective Cohort Studies" Cancers 13, no. 11: 2814. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112814