Ethanol-Induced Cell Damage Can Result in the Development of Oral Tumors
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Alcohol Consumption and Its Adverse Effects Know a Long History
2. Oral Cancers Are Still Frequently Diagnosed despite Avoidable Risk Factors
3. Alcohol Is an Independent Risk Factor for Oral Carcinogenesis
3.1. Epidemiological Data Indicate a Strong Correlation between Alcohol and Oral Malignancies
3.2. In Vivo Data Support a Causal Effect of Alcohol on Oral Tumor Incidence
4. Various Molecular Alterations Have Been Attributed to Ethanol
4.1. Acetaldehyde Can Accumulate in the Oral Cavity
4.2. Metabolites of Ethanol Can Directly Affect the DNA by Formation of Adducts and Crosslinks
4.2.1. Acetaldehyde-Derived DNA Adducts and Crosslinks
4.2.2. ROS-Derived DNA Adducts
4.3. Ethanol Exposure Alters the Epigenome
4.3.1. Ethanol Leads to DNA Hypomethylation
4.3.2. Patterns of Histone Modifications Can Change in the Presence of Ethanol
5. Mutational Signatures Give More Insight into Carcinogenesis
Several Ethanol-Related Mutational Signatures Have Been Identified
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Signature | Cancer Subsite | Proposed Etiology | References |
---|---|---|---|
DBS2 | Lung, Head and Neck | Acetaldehyde exposure | [199,200] |
SBS16 | Esophagus, Liver | Acetaldehyde exposure | [201,202,203] |
C4 | Liver, Head and Neck, Esophagus, Pancreas | Translesion polymerase η | [204] |
E6 | Esophagus | Unknown | [201] |
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Hoes, L.; Dok, R.; Verstrepen, K.J.; Nuyts, S. Ethanol-Induced Cell Damage Can Result in the Development of Oral Tumors. Cancers 2021, 13, 3846. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13153846
Hoes L, Dok R, Verstrepen KJ, Nuyts S. Ethanol-Induced Cell Damage Can Result in the Development of Oral Tumors. Cancers. 2021; 13(15):3846. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13153846
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoes, Lore, Rüveyda Dok, Kevin J. Verstrepen, and Sandra Nuyts. 2021. "Ethanol-Induced Cell Damage Can Result in the Development of Oral Tumors" Cancers 13, no. 15: 3846. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13153846