Head and Neck Cancer among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations in California, 2009–2018
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Overall Incidence, Age at Diagnosis, and Tobacco Use
3.2. Stage at Diagnosis, Mortality, and 5-Year Survival
3.3. HPV Status
3.4. HPV-Related Cancers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Disparities. Available online: https://www.ihs.gov/newsroom/factsheets/disparities/ (accessed on 7 July 2021).
- Melkonian, S.C.; Jim, M.A.; Haverkamp, D.; Wiggins, C.L.; McCollum, J.; White, M.C.; Kaur, J.S.; Espey, D.K. Disparities in cancer incidence and trends among American Indians and Alaska natives in the United States, 2010–2015. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2019, 28, 1604–1611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zavala, V.A.; Bracci, P.M.; Carethers, J.M.; Carvajal-Carmona, L.; Coggins, N.B.; Cruz-Correa, M.R.; Davis, M.; de Smith, A.J.; Dutil, J.; Figueiredo, J.C.; et al. Cancer health disparities in racial/ethnic minorities in the United States. Br. J. Cancer 2021, 124, 315–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siegel, R.L.; Miller, K.D.; Fuchs, H.E.; Jemal, A. Cancer Statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2021, 71, 7–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johnson, D.E.; Burtness, B. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 2020, 6, 92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shavers, V.L.; Harlan, L.C.; Winn, D.; Davis, W.W. Racial/ethnic patterns of care for cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, sinuses, and salivary glands. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2003, 22, 25–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thompson-Harvey, A.; Yetukuri, M.; Hansen, A.R.; Simpson, M.C.; Adjei Boakye, E.; Varvares, M.A.; Osazuwa-Peters, N. Rising incidence of late-stage head and neck cancer in the United States. Cancer 2020, 126, 1090–1101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Centers for Disease Control United States Cancer Statistics: Data Visualizations. Available online: https://gis.cdc.gov/Cancer/USCS/#/AtAGlance/ (accessed on 11 August 2021).
- Mahal, B.A.; Inverso, G.; Aizer, A.A.; Bruce Donoff, R.; Chuang, S.K. Impact of African-American race on presentation, treatment, and survival of head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol. 2014, 50, 1177–1181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dwojak, S.M.; Sequist, T.D.; Emerick, K.; Deschler, D.G. Survival differences among American Indians/Alaska natives with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2013, 35, 1114–1118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morris, C.; Movsisyan, A.; Hofer, B.; Parikh-Patel, A.; Kizer, K. Cancer Burden among Native Americans in California; California Cancer Reporting and Epidemiologic Surveillance (CalCARES) Program, Institute for Population Health Improvement, University of California Davis: Sacramento, CA, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O), 3rd ed.; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Norris, T.; Vines, P.L.; Hoeffel, E.M. The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010. In 2010 Census Briefs; 2012; p. C2010BR-10. Available online: https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/c2010br-10.pdf (accessed on 27 August 2021).
- Dwojak, S.; Bhattacharyya, N. Racial disparities in preventable risk factors for head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope 2017, 127, 1068–1072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- United States Census Bureau QuickFacts: California. Available online: https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/CA/RHI325219#RHI325219 (accessed on 16 August 2021).
- California Cancer Registry. Available online: https://www.ccrcal.org/learn-about-ccr/ (accessed on 29 July 2021).
- National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, E. and E.R.P. Head and Neck with HPV Status Database (2010–2016). Available online: https://seer.cancer.gov/seerstat/databases/hpv/index.html (accessed on 26 August 2021).
- National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, E. and E.R.P. EOD Data: Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Status. Available online: https://staging.seer.cancer.gov/eod_public/input/1.1/gum/seer_ssf1/?breadcrumbs=(~schema_list~),(~view_schema~,~gum~ (accessed on 26 August 2021).
- California Cancer Registry. California Department of Public Health SEER*Stat Database: Incidence–California, Dec 2020 (1998–2018), 03/03/2021; Benchmarked 1988–1989 DOF Population Estimates, 6/12/2006; NCHS Population Estiamtes 1990–2018. Available online: www.ccrcal.org (accessed on 29 July 2021).
- Melkonian, S.C.; Henley, S.J.; Senkomago, V.; Thomas, C.C.; Jim, M.A.; Apostolou, A.; Saraiya, M. Cancers Associated with Human Papillomavirus in American Indian and Alaska Native Populations—United States, 2013–2017. MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2020, 69, 1283–1287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Melkonian, S.C.; Weir, H.K.; Jim, M.A.; Preikschat, B.; Haverkamp, D.; White, M.C. Incidence of and Trends in the Leading Cancers with Elevated Incidence among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations, 2012–2016. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2021, 190, 528–538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shah, A.; Malik, A.; Garg, A.; Mair, M.; Nair, S.; Chaturvedi, P. Oral sex and human papilloma virus-related head and neck squamous cell cancer: A review of the literature. Postgrad. Med. J. 2017, 93, 704–709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nguyen, N.P.; Nguyen, L.M.; Thomas, S.; Hong-Ly, B.; Chi, A.; Vos, P.; Karlsson, U.; Vinh-Hung, V. Oral sex and oropharyngeal cancer: The role of the primary care physicians. Medicine 2016, 95, e4228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gillison, M.L.; Chaturvedi, A.K.; Lowy, D.R. HPV prophylactic vaccines and the potential prevention of noncervical cancers in both men and women. Cancer 2008, 113, 3036–3046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walker, T.Y.; Elam-Evans, L.D.; Yankey, D.; Markowitz, L.E.; Williams, C.L.; Fredua, B.; Singleton, J.A.; Stokley, S. National, Regional, State, and Selected Local Area Vaccination Coverage Among Adolescents Aged 13–17 Years—United States, 2018. MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2019, 68, 718–723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kashani, B.M.; Tibbits, M.; Potter, R.C.; Gofin, R.; Westman, L.; Watanabe-Galloway, S. Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Trends, Barriers, and Promotion Methods Among American Indian/Alaska Native and Non-Hispanic White Adolescents in Michigan 2006–2015. J. Community Health 2019, 44, 436–443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gopalani, S.V.; Sedani, A.E.; Janitz, A.E.; Clifton, S.C.; Stoner, J.; Peck, J.; Comiford, A.; Salvatore, A.L.; Campbell, J. HPV vaccination and Native Americans: Protocol for a systematic review of factors associated with HPV vaccine uptake among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the USA. BMJ Open 2020, 10, e035658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention TeenVax View. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-managers/coverage/teenvaxview/index.html (accessed on 1 August 2021).
- Indian Health Service National Immunization Reporting System Reports. Available online: https://www.ihns.gov/nonmedicalprograms/ihpes/Immunizations/index.cfm?module=immunizations&option=home (accessed on 11 August 2021).
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccines for Children Program. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/parents/qa-detailed.html (accessed on 11 August 2021).
- Creamer, M.R.; Wang, T.W.; Babb, S.; Cullen, K.A.; Day, H.; Willis, G.; Jamal, A.; Neff, L. Tobacco Product Use and Cessation Indicators Among Adults—United States, 2018. MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2019, 68, 1013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lempert, L.K.; Glantz, S.A. Tobacco industry promotional strategies targeting American Indians/Alaska natives and exploiting tribal sovereignty. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2019, 21, 940–948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Espey, D.K.; Wu, X.C.; Swan, J.; Wiggins, C.; Jim, M.A.; Ward, E.; Wingo, P.A.; Howe, H.L.; Ries, L.A.G.; Miller, B.A.; et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2004, featuring cancer in American Indians and Alaska Natives. Cancer 2007, 110, 2119–2152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Reichman, M.E.; Kelly, J.J.; Kosary, C.L.; Coughlin, S.S.; Jim, M.A.; Lanier, A.P. Incidence of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 1999–2004. Cancer 2008, 113, 1256–1265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vokes, E.E.; Weichselbaum, R.R.; Lippman, S.M.; Hong, W.K. Head and Neck Cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 1993, 328, 184–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tatsuzaki, H.; Levin, C.V. Quantitative status of resources for radiation therapy in Asia and Pacific region. Radiother. Oncol. 2001, 60, 81–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Demographics and Tobacco History | Non-Hispanic White | Non-Hispanic Black | Hispanic | Asian/Pacific Islander | American Indian/Alaska Native | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incidence Rates (CI) | N | Incidence Rates (CI) | N | Incidence Rates (CI) | N | Incidence Rates (CI) | N | Incidence Rates (CI) | N | |
Total | 15.5 (15.3, 15.7) | 34,448 | 12 (11.6, 12.5) | 2946 | 8.3 (8.1, 8.5) | 7959 | 9.1(8.8, 9.3) | 5616 | 14.2 (12.6, 15.9) | 320 |
Sex | ||||||||||
Male | 23.6 (23.3, 23.9) | 25,014 | 18.7 (17.8, 19.5) | 2071 | 12.8 (12.5, 13.2) | 5561 | 13.5 (13.1, 14) | 3728 | 22 (19.1, 25.1) | 233 |
Female | 8.2 (8, 8.3) | 9434 | 6.7 (6.2, 7.1) | 875 | 4.6 (4.4, 4.8) | 2398 | 5.6 (5.3, 5.8) | 1888 | 7.4 (5.8, 9.2) | 87 |
Age at Diagnosis | ||||||||||
<20 | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) | 90 | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | 28 | 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) | 110 | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) | 41 | ^ | ^ |
20–29 | 0.9 (0.7, 1) | 172 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 33 | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | 187 | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) | 115 | ^ | ^ |
30–39 | 3 (2.8, 3.3) | 550 | 2.2 (1.7, 2.8) | 70 | 1.7 (1.5, 1.9) | 367 | 4.3 (3.8, 4.7) | 374 | 3.9 (1.9, 7.2) | 10 |
40–49 | 10.7 (10.2, 11.1) | 2281 | 9.3 (8.3, 10.4) | 310 | 4.8 (4.5, 5.2) | 942 | 9.1 (8.5, 9.8) | 781 | 12.9 (9.1, 17.1) | 38 |
50–59 | 31.4 (30.7, 32.1) | 7872 | 25 (23.4, 26.8) | 833 | 13.7 (13.1, 14.3) | 1939 | 16.8 (15.9, 17.8) | 1293 | 26.4 (21, 32.8) | 82 |
60–69 | 51.7 (50.7, 52.7) | 10,513 | 43.2 (40.4, 46.1) | 913 | 25.7 (24.5, 26.8) | 1986 | 24.7 (23.4, 26.1) | 1368 | 45.1 (36.6, 54.9) | 99 |
70–79 | 64.6 (63.2, 66.1) | 7641 | 45.8 (41.9, 50) | 509 | 39.6 (37.6, 41.6) | 1504 | 32.8 (30.8, 34.9) | 1005 | 49.8 (37.2, 65.3) | 53 |
80+ | 64.4 (62.7, 66.2) | 5329 | 41.9 (36.9, 47.4) | 250 | 43.2 (40.4, 46) | 924 | 34.7 (32.1, 37.5) | 639 | 67.2 (46.5, 93.9) | 34 |
Tobacco Use | ||||||||||
Never Used | 2.5 (2.4, 2.5) | 5351 | 1.4 (1.3, 1.6) | 345 | 1.4 (1.4, 1.5) | 1447 | 2.2 (2, 2.3) | 1316 | 2.2 (1.6, 3) | 46 |
Current Use | 1.5 (1.5, 1.6) | 3431 | 1.9 (1.7, 2.1) | 496 | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) | 659 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.5) | 316 | 1.8 (1.3, 2.5) | 45 |
Former Use 3 | 2.9 (2.8, 3) | 6557 | 1.9 (1.7, 2.1) | 448 | 1.4 (1.3, 1.5) | 1255 | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | 816 | 3.2 (2.5, 4.1) | 73 |
Unknown | 5.9 (5.8, 6) | 13,073 | 4.5 (4.2, 4.8) | 1080 | 3.5 (3.4, 3.6) | 3288 | 3.7 (3.5, 3.8) | 2265 | 4.9 (4, 6) | 109 |
Staging | Non-Hispanic White | Non-Hispanic Black | Hispanic | Asian/Pacific Islander | American Indian/Alaska Native | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incidence Rates (CI) | N | Incidence Rates (CI) | N | Incidence Rates (CI) | N | Incidence Rates (CI) | N | Incidence Rates (CI) | N | |
Stage | ||||||||||
Male and Female | ||||||||||
Stage I | 3.6 (3.5, 3.6) | 7812 | 2 (1.8, 2.2) | 469 | 1.7 (1.6, 1.8) | 1621 | 1.8 (1.7, 1.9) | 1102 | 2.4 (1.8, 3.2) | 55 |
Stage II | 1.7 (1.7, 1.8) | 3784 | 1.4 (1.2, 1.5) | 335 | 1 (0.9, 1) | 901 | 1.4 (1.3, 1.5) | 827 | 1.6 (1.1, 2.2) | 37 |
Stage III | 2.1 (2, 2.1) | 4604 | 1.9 (1.7, 2.1) | 454 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 1110 | 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) | 941 | 1.8 (1.2, 2.4) | 40 |
Stage IV | 5.8 (5.7, 5.9) | 13,012 | 5.2 (4.9, 5.5) | 1291 | 3.1 (3, 3.2) | 3082 | 3.2 (3, 3.3) | 1974 | 6.3 (5.3, 7.4) | 144 |
All Stages | 13.2 (13, 13.3) | 29,212 | 10.4 (10, 10.8) | 2549 | 7 (6.8, 7.2) | 6714 | 7.8 (7.6, 8.1) | 4844 | 12 (10.6, 13.6) | 276 |
Male | ||||||||||
Stage I | 5 (4.9, 5.2) | 5246 | 3 (2.7, 3.4) | 312 | 2.5 (2.4, 2.7) | 1032 | 2.4 (2.2, 2.6) | 649 | 3.4 (2.3, 4.8) | 35 |
Stage II | 2.5 (2.4, 2.6) | 2598 | 1.9 (1.6, 2.1) | 206 | 1.4 (1.3, 1.5) | 581 | 1.9 (1.8, 2.1) | 523 | 2.4 (1.6, 3.6) | 27 |
Stage III | 3.2 (3.1, 3.3) | 3388 | 3 (2.7, 3.4) | 328 | 1.9 (1.7, 2) | 778 | 2.3 (2.1, 2.5) | 639 | 2.5 (1.6, 3.7) | 27 |
Stage IV | 9.5 (9.3, 9.7) | 10,214 | 8.4 (7.9, 9) | 968 | 5.1 (4.9, 5.4) | 2332 | 5.1 (4.8, 5.3) | 1417 | 10.2 (8.3, 12.4) | 111 |
All Stages | 20.2 (19.9, 20.5) | 21,446 | 16.3 (15.5, 17.1) | 1814 | 10.9 (10.5, 11.1) | 4723 | 11.7 (11.3, 12.1) | 3228 | 18.5 (15.9, 21.4) | 200 |
Female | ||||||||||
Stage I | 2.3 (2.2, 2.4) | 2566 | 1.2 (1, 1.4) | 157 | 1.1 (1, 1.2) | 589 | 1.4 (1.2, 1.5) | 453 | 1.6 (1, 2.5) | 20 |
Stage II | 1 (1, 1.1) | 1186 | 1 (0.8, 1.2) | 129 | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) | 320 | 0.9 (0.8, 1) | 304 | 0.9 (0.4, 1.7) | 10 |
Stage III | 1 (1, 1.1) | 1216 | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 126 | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) | 332 | 0.9 (0.8, 1) | 302 | 1.1 (0.5, 1.9) | 13 |
Stage IV | 2.4 (2.3, 2.5) | 2798 | 2.4 (2.2, 2.7) | 323 | 1.5 (1.3, 1.6) | 750 | 1.6 (1.5, 1.8) | 557 | 2.9 (1.9, 4.1) | 33 |
All Stages | 6.8 (6.6, 6.9) | 7766 | 5.6 (5.2, 6) | 735 | 3.8 (3.7, 4) | 1991 | 4.8 (4.5, 5) | 1616 | 6.4 (5, 8.1) | 76 |
Mortality | ||||||||||
Male and Female | 3.7 (3.6, 3.8) | 8606 | 4 (3.8, 4.3) | 957 | 2.3 (2.2, 2.4) | 1994 | 2.6 (2.5, 2.8) | 1601 | 2.9 (2.2, 3.8) | 65 |
Male | 5.8 (5.7, 5.9) | 6180 | 6.6 (6.1, 7.2) | 687 | 3.8 (3.6, 4.1) | 1450 | 4.2 (4, 4.5) | 1127 | 4.6 (3.3, 6.2) | 48 |
Female | 1.9 (1.8, 2) | 2426 | 2.1 (1.8, 2.4) | 270 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 544 | 1.4 (1.3, 1.5) | 474 | 1.5 (0.9, 2.5) | 17 |
5 Year Survival Rate 4 | ||||||||||
Male and Female | 67.7% (67.00%, 68.50%) | 55.95% (53.30%, 58.40%) | 63.7% (62.2%, 65.30%) | 66.4% (64.60%, 68.20%) | 59.9% * (51.9% *, 67.0% *) | |||||
Male | 67.8% (66.90%, 68.60%) | 56.4% (53.30%, 59.40%) | 62.2% (60.30%, 64.10%) | 63.8% (61.6%, 66.00%) | 62.6% * (53.6%, 70.3% *) | |||||
Female | 67.7% (66.20%, 69.20%) | 54.5% * (49.6% *, 59.0% *) | 67.5% (64.60%, 70.30%) | 71.9% (68.80%, 74.80%) | 49.0% * (31.0% *, 64.7% *) |
HPV Status | Non-Hispanic White | Non-Hispanic Black | Hispanic | Asian/Pacific Islander | American Indian/Alaska Native | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incidence Rates (CI) | N | Incidence Rates (CI) | N | Incidence Rates (CI) | N | Incidence Rates (CI) | N | Incidence Rates (CI) | N | |
Negative | 4.9 (4.8, 5) | 10,664 | 2.8 (2.5, 3) | 662 | 2.3 (2.2, 2.4) | 2215 | 2.8 (2.7, 2.9) | 1719 | 3.5 (2.7, 4.4) | 78 |
Positive | 1.1 (1, 1.1) | 2377 | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | 202 | 0.4 (0.4, 0.5) | 443 | 0.6 (0.5, 0.6) | 354 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 23 |
Unknown | 2.1 (2, 2.1) | 4625 | 1.8 (1.7, 2) | 459 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.2) | 1136 | 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) | 916 | 2 (1.4, 2.7) | 41 |
HPV Status | Non-Hispanic White | Non-Hispanic Black | Hispanic | Asian/Pacific Islander | American Indian/Alaska Native | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incidence Rate (CI) | N | Incidence Rate (CI) | N | Incidence Rate (N) | N | Incidence Rate (CI) | N | Incidence Rate (CI) | N | |
Overall 3 | ||||||||||
Negative | 1.4 (1.3, 1.4) | 934 | 0.8 (0.6, 1) | 67 | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 220 | 1.1 (1, 1.3) | 241 | 1.1 (0.5, 2.3) | 9 |
Positive | 2.8 (2.7, 3) | 1952 | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) | 117 | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 263 | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 132 | 2.7 (1.6, 4.2) | 21 |
Unknown | 3.2 (3.1, 3.4) | 2225 | 2.5 (2.1, 2.8) | 192 | 2 (1.8, 2.1) | 645 | 2.8 (2.6, 3.1) | 586 | 1.9 (1, 3.2) | 15 |
Hypopharynx | ||||||||||
Negative | 0.1 (0.1, 0.1) | 82 | 0.1 (0, 0.2) | 8 | 0 (0, 0.1) | 15 | 0.1 (0,1, 0.1) | 19 | ^ | ^ |
Positive | 0.1 (0, 0.1) | 40 | ^ | ^ | 0 (0, 0) | 6 | 0 (0, 0.1) | 6 | ^ | ^ |
Unknown | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2) | 111 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 17 | 0.1(0.1, 0.1) | 34 | 0.1(0.1, 0.2) | 25 | ^ | ^ |
Nasopharynx | ||||||||||
Negative | 0.1 (0, 0.1) | 36 | 0.1 (0, 0.2) | 6 | 0 (0, 0.1) | 14 | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | 83 | ^ | ^ |
Positive | 0 (0, 0.1) | 33 | 0.1 (0, 0.2) | 8 | 0 (0, 0) | 5 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2) | 33 | ^ | ^ |
Unknown | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2) | 102 | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) | 20 | 0.1 (0.1, 0.2) | 50 | 1 (0.9, 1) | 205 | ^ | ^ |
Oropharynx | ||||||||||
Negative | 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) | 155 | 0.1(0, 0.2) | 7 | 0.1(0.1, 0.2) | 46 | 0.1(0, 0.1) | 16 | ^ | ^ |
Positive | 1.4 (1.3, 1.5) | 939 | 0.8 (0.6, 1) | 65 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.5) | 165 | 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) | 49 | 1.8 (1, 3.1) | 14 |
Unknown | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) | 428 | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | 48 | 0.4 (0.4, 0.6) | 175 | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) | 63 | ^ | ^ |
Soft Palate | ||||||||||
Negative | 0.1 (0, 0.1) | 35 | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ |
Positive | 0 (0, 0) | 19 | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ |
Unknown | 0.1 (0, 0.1) | 36 | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ |
Pharyngeal Tonsil | ||||||||||
Negative | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | 0.1 (0, 0.1) | 13 | ^ | ^ |
Positive | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ |
Unknown | 0 (0, 0) | 10 | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | 0.1 (0, 0.1) | 15 | ^ | ^ |
Tongue Base | ||||||||||
Negative | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2) | 119 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 17 | 0.1(0.1, 0.1) | 29 | 0.1(0, 0.1) | 15 | ^ | ^ |
Positive | 1.1 (1, 1.2) | 775 | 0.4 (0.2, 0.5) | 30 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2) | 64 | 0.1 (0.1, 0.2) | 21 | 0.9 (0.3, 1.9) | 7 |
Unknown | 0.5 (0.5, 0.6) | 371 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 14 | 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) | 77 | 0.1 (0.1, 0.2) | 21 | ^ | ^ |
Other Pharyngeal | ||||||||||
Negative | 0 (0, 0) | 23 | ^ | ^ | 0 (0, 0) | 5 | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ |
Positive | 0 (0,0.1) | 25 | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ |
Unknown | 0 (0, 0) | 45 | 0.1 (0, 0.1) | 5 | 0 (0, 0.1) | 13 | 0.1 (0, 0) | 10 | ^ | ^ |
Cancer Type | Non-Hispanic White | Non-Hispanic Black | Hispanic | Asian/Pacific Islander | American Indian/Alaska Native | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incidence Rate (CI) | N | Incidence Rate (CI) | N | Incidence Rate (CI) | N | Incidence Rate (CI) | N | Incidence Rate (CI) | N | |
Cervical | 6.7 (6.5, 6.9) | 5670 | 7.7 (7.2, 8.2) | 946 | 9.1 (8.9, 9.4) | 5545 | 6.6 (6.4, 6.9) | 2216 | 13 (10.8, 15.4) | 134 |
Anal | ||||||||||
Male and Female | 2.4 (2.4, 2.5) | 5450 | 2 (1.8, 2.2) | 496 | 1.1(1, 1.2) | 1085 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) | 310 | 2.1 (1.5, 2.8) | 50 |
Male | 1.9 (1,8, 2) | 2001 | 2.3 (2, 2.6) | 265 | 0.9 (0.8, 1) | 417 | 0.4 (0.4, 0.5) | 126 | 2.1 (1.3, 3.2) | 24 |
Female | 2.9 (2.8, 3) | 3449 | 1.8 (1.5, 2) | 231 | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | 668 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.6) | 184 | 2 (1.3, 3) | 26 |
Penile | 0.7 (0.6, 0.7) | 669 | 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) | 61 | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | 557 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.5) | 116 | 1.1 (0.6, 2.1) | 11 |
Vaginal | 0.7 (0.6, 0.7) | 820 | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 119 | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 345 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.5) | 164 | 0.9 (0.4, 1.6) | 10 |
Vulvar | 2.4 (2.3, 2.5) | 2909 | 1.6 (1.4, 1.8) | 205 | 1.7 (1.5, 1.8) | 789 | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | 279 | 2 (1.3, 3.1) | 25 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Warren, B.R.; Grandis, J.R.; Johnson, D.E.; Villa, A. Head and Neck Cancer among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations in California, 2009–2018. Cancers 2021, 13, 5195. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13205195
Warren BR, Grandis JR, Johnson DE, Villa A. Head and Neck Cancer among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations in California, 2009–2018. Cancers. 2021; 13(20):5195. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13205195
Chicago/Turabian StyleWarren, Brooke R., Jennifer R. Grandis, Daniel E. Johnson, and Alessandro Villa. 2021. "Head and Neck Cancer among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations in California, 2009–2018" Cancers 13, no. 20: 5195. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13205195