Extracellular Vesicles in Lung Cancer Metastasis and Their Clinical Applications
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Types and Characteristics of EVs
2.1. Biogenesis and Release
- Membrane blebbing
- Membrane protrusion formation
- Apoptotic bodies formation
2.2. EV Cargo
2.3. EV Internalization
3. EVs in Lung Cancer Metastasis
3.1. Biology of Metastasis
3.2. EVs and EMT in Lung Cancer
3.3. EVs and Angiogenesis
3.4. EVs and Immune Escape
3.5. Pre-Metastatic Niches and CTCs’ Homing
4. Clinical Application of EVs
4.1. Biomarkers in Lung Cancer
4.2. Therapeutic Targets
4.3. EVs as Vehicles for Therapy
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Exosomes | Microvesicles | Apoptotic Bodies |
---|---|---|---|
Size (nm) | 50–150 | 100–2000 | 1000–4000 |
Biogenesis | Endosomal pathway | Budding of plasma membrane | Programmed cell death and blebbing of plasma membrane |
Proteins | Tetraspanins, ALIX, TSG101, ESCRT, heat shock proteins | Integrins, selectins, cytoskeletal and cytosolic proteins, glycosylated and phosphorylated proteins | Histones, annexin V |
Lipids | Cholesterol, sphingomyelin, ceramide, lipid rafts, phosphatidylserine | Phosphatidylserine, cholesterol, diacylglycerol, lipid rafts | Phosphatidylserine |
Nucleic acids | mRNA, non-coding RNA | mRNA, non-coding RNA | DNA, RNA |
Markers | CD63, TSG101, Alix, tetraspanins, Rab5a/b, HSP70, HSP9 | Integrin, selectin, flittilin-2 | Histones, DNA, Annexin V |
Function | Non-Coding RNA | Clinical Applications | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
EMT | miRNA-200 family | Predictive, diagnostic | [126,237,238,239] |
miRNA-183~96~182 cluster | Diagnostic | [126,240] | |
miRNA-499a-5p | [135] | ||
miRNA-1260b | Biomarker | [136] | |
miRNA-96 | Biomarker | [140] | |
lncMMP2-2 | Prognostic | [141] | |
MALAT1 | Prognostic | [142] | |
Angiogenesis | miRNA 143-3p | Biomarker | [167] |
miRNA 145-5p | Biomarker | [167] | |
miRNA 142-3p | [168] | ||
GAS5 | Biomarker | [169] | |
miRNA-23a | Biomarker of disease | [171] | |
Immune escape | miRNA-214 | Biomarker | [185] |
miRNA-21 | Predictive, diagnostic, prognostic | [221,236,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248] | |
miR-29a | [221] | ||
miRNA-92a | Biomarker | [226] | |
Biomarker | miRNA-10b-5p | Prognostic, survival | [236] |
miRNA-23b-3p | Prognostic, diagnostic, survival | [236,249] | |
miRNA-139-5p | Screening | [237] | |
miRNA-378a | Screening | [237] | |
miRNA-379 | Screening | [237] | |
miRNA-4257 | Predictive | [241] | |
miRNA-122 | Predictive, therapeutic | [250,251] | |
miRNA-205 | Predictive, diagnostic | [250,252] | |
miRNA-126 | Diagnostic | [250,253] | |
miRNA-16 | Prognostic | [250,254] | |
Let-7 | Prognostic | [250,255] | |
HAGLR | Prognostic | [256] | |
miRNA-1-3p | Diagnostic | [257] | |
miRNA-144-5p | Diagnostic | [257] | |
miRNA-150-5p | Diagnostic | [257] | |
Drug resistance | lncRNA RP11-838N2.4 | Erlotinib resistance | [258] |
lncRNA H19 | Gefitinib resistance | [259] |
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Saviana, M.; Romano, G.; Le, P.; Acunzo, M.; Nana-Sinkam, P. Extracellular Vesicles in Lung Cancer Metastasis and Their Clinical Applications. Cancers 2021, 13, 5633. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13225633
Saviana M, Romano G, Le P, Acunzo M, Nana-Sinkam P. Extracellular Vesicles in Lung Cancer Metastasis and Their Clinical Applications. Cancers. 2021; 13(22):5633. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13225633
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaviana, Michela, Giulia Romano, Patricia Le, Mario Acunzo, and Patrick Nana-Sinkam. 2021. "Extracellular Vesicles in Lung Cancer Metastasis and Their Clinical Applications" Cancers 13, no. 22: 5633. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13225633