PCAT6 May Be a Whistler and Checkpoint Target for Precision Therapy in Human Cancers
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The Discovery of PCAT6
3. Expression and Subcellular Localization of PCAT6
3.1. The Abnormal Expression of PCAT6 in Cancers
3.2. The Subcellular Localization of PCAT6 in Cancer Cell Lines
4. PCAT6 Promotes Cancer Progression by ceRNA Mechanisms
4.1. PCAT6 Boosts the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway
4.2. PCAT6 Promotes the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway
4.3. PCAT6 Facilitates the EMT Process
4.4. PCAT6 Leads to Radioresistance and Chemoresistance
4.5. Other ceRNA Mechanisms of PCAT6
5. The Mechanisms of PCAT6 above ceRNA
6. The Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of PCAT6 Overexpression
7. Discussion and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tumor Types | Expression | Sample Type | Role | Functional Role in Vitro | Functional Role in Vivo | Related Genes/Protein/Pathways | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bladder cancer | Up | cells (RT4, T24, J82, UMUC3, 5637), patient tissue and serum | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation and apoptosis | NA | [24] | |
Up | Cells (T24, EJ, 253j, 5637), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion | miR-513a-5p | [21] | ||
Up | Cells (T24T, EJ, UMUC3, 5637), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion | miR-143-3p, PDIA6 | [25] | ||
Breast cancer | Up | Cells (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-436, HCC-1937), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT process, and angiogenesis | Tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis | VEGF, VEGFR2/Akt/mTOR, miR-4723-5p, USP14, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Slug, Twist, | [26] |
Up | Cells (MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and radiosensitivity | miR-185-5p, TPD52 | [27] | ||
Cervical cancer | Up | Cells (Caski, SW756, HeLa, ME-180, SiHa, C33A), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion | Wnt/β-catenin, β-catenin, cyclin D1, c-myc | [28] | |
Up | Cells (SiHa, HeLa, ME180, C-33A), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and chemoresistance | Tumor growth | miR-543, Bcl-2, cleaved-caspase 3, ZEB1 | [29] | |
Colorectal cancer | Up | Cells (SW628, SW480, RKO, COLO320HSR, HCT116), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation and apoptosis | Tumor growth | Cleaved-caspase 3, ARC, EZH2 | [30] |
Up | Cells (HCT116, HT-29, SW620, SW480, DLD-1, RKO, LoVo), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation and chemoresistance | miR-204, HMGA2, PI3K, Akt | [31] | ||
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor | Up | Cells (GIST-H1, GIST-882, GIST-T1, GIST-48), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, stemness, and apoptosis | Wnt/β-catenin, miR-143-3p, PRDX5 | [32] | |
Gastric cancer | Up | Cells (BGC-823, SGC-7901, HGC-27, MKN45), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, migration, EMT, and apoptosis | miR-30, MKRN3, caspase 3, caspase 9, Bax, Bcl-2, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, ZEB1, Snail | [34] | |
Up | Cells (MKN45, SGC-7901, AGS, MKN28), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, EMT, and apoptosis | Cyclin D1, p53, Bax, cleaved caspase 3, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail, ZEB1, miR-15a, RB/E2F, Wnt/β-catenin | [33] | ||
Glioblastoma | Up | Cells (A172, U251, U87, LN229), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation and apoptosis | YY1, miR-513, IGF2BP1, Akt | [35] | |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | Up | Patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation and migration | NA | [36] | |
Up | Cells (HuH7, SMMC-7721, Hep3B, HepG2, PLC/PRF/5), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, cycle, apoptosis, and migration | PCNA, CCND1, Bcl-2 | [37] | ||
Up | Cells (MHCC97H, HepG2, Huh7), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation and invasion | Tumor growth | miR-326, hnRNPA2B1 | [38] | |
Lung cancer | Up | Cells (H1650, HCC827, H1975, A549), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, | Tumor growth | miR-330-5p | [39] |
Up | Cells (SK-MES-1, H1703, H520, H1299, H1975, SPCA1, A549), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, cycle, apoptosis, migration, and invasion | Tumor growth | EZH2, LATS2 | [40] | |
Up | Cells (H292, PC-9, CL1-5, H460, H1650, A549, H446, H1975) | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion | Bcl-2, Bax, c-myc, p53 | [20] | ||
Up | Cells (H446, H1975), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis | c-myc, MMP9, cleaved-caspase-3, Wnt5a, β-catenin. miR-326. | [42] | ||
Up | Cells (H1838, H522, H2228, H358, H1299, A549), | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cycle, apoptosis | Tumor growth | Caspase-3, Ki-67 | [43] | |
Osteosarcoma | Up | Cells (MG-63, Saos-2, 143B, U2OS), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and cell cycle | Tumor growth | ZEB1, miR-143-3p | [44] |
Up | Cells (Saos2, MG63, U2OS, HOS) | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion | Tumor growth | MMP2, MMP9, p53, p21, MDM2 | [46] | |
Up | Cells (Saos2, HOS, U2OS, 143B, KHOS/240S, MG63, SK-ES-1), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion | miR-185-5p, TGF-β, p-SMAD, TGFBR1/2 | [45] | ||
Ovarian cancer | Up | Cells (OVCAR3, PEO1, A2780, 3AO, CAOV3, SKOV3), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion | PTEN | [47] | |
Up | Patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion | miR-143-3p, TAK1 | [48] | ||
Cholangiocarcinoma | Up | Patient-derived macrophages, patient tissue | Tumor promoter | M2 polarization of macrophages, cellular reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction | Tumor growth | miR-326, RhoA, ROCK1, ROCK2 | [54] |
Up | Cell (ICC-9810, CCLP1, HuCC-T1, QBC939), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation and invasion | miR-330-5p | [49] | ||
Pituitary adenomas | Up | Patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, viability, apoptosis, cell cycle, and EMT | Tumor growth, apoptosis, EMT | miR-139-3p, BRD4, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved-caspase 3 | [50] |
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Up | Cell (Capan-2, AsPC-1, PANC1, BxPC-3), Patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion | miR-185-5p, CBX2 | [51] | |
Prostate cancer | Up | Cell (NCI-H660), patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell NED, proliferation, and invasion | Tumor growth and metastasis | NSE, SYP, ChgA, miR-326, hnRNPA2B1 | [52] |
Up | Patient tissue | Tumor promoter | Cell proliferation, cycle, migration, and invasion | Tumor growth and BM | IGF2BP2, IGF1R, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, METTL3, ALKBH5 | [53] |
Tumor Types | Clinicopathologic Features | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Bladder cancer | Larger tumor size, high tumor differentiation, advanced TNM stage, more lymph nodes metastasis, more distant metastasis | [24] |
Pathological stage | [21] | |
Breast cancer | More tissues metastasis, higher tumor stages | [26] |
More lymph nodes metastasis, advanced tumor stages | [27] | |
Cervical cancer | Advanced FIGO stage, more lymph nodes metastasis, depth of cervical invasion | [28] |
Colorectal cancer | Tumor subtype, N classification, metastasis, poorer clinical stage | [30] |
Larger tumor size, advanced TNM stage, lymph node metastasis | [31] | |
Gastric cancer | Larger tumor size, advanced TNM stage, more metastasis | [34] |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | Moderated or poorly differentiation, advanced TNM stage | [37] |
Lung cancer | Advanced TNM stage, more metastasis | [41] |
Advanced TNM stage, more metastasis | [39] | |
Larger tumor size, more lymph node metastasis, advanced TNM stage | [40] | |
Larger tumor size, more lymph node metastasis, advanced TNM stage | [20] | |
Larger tumor size, more metastasis, advanced TNM stage | [43] | |
Osteosarcoma | Larger tumor size, more metastasis, advanced TNM stage | [44] |
Larger tumor size, more metastasis, advanced TNM stage | [45] | |
Ovarian cancer | More lymph node metastasis, more distant metastasis | [47] |
Advanced TNM stage | [48] | |
Cholangiocarcinoma | Advanced TNM stage | [49] |
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Advanced TNM stage, more lymph node invasion | [51] |
Prostate cancer | Poor differentiation, higher serum PSA, advanced gleason grade, more BM | [53] |
Tumor Types | Expression | Diagnostic or Prognostic Value | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Bladder cancer | Up | Poor OS, and poor PFS, AUC > 0.8 | [24] |
Up | Poor OS | [21] | |
Cervical cancer | Up | Shorter OS and DFS | [28] |
Colorectal cancer | Up | Worse OS | [30] |
Up | Poor OS | [31] | |
Gastric cancer | Up | Worse prognosis | [34] |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | Up | Poor OS | [36] |
Up | Poor OS and DFS | [37] | |
Up | Shorter OS | [38] | |
Up | Poor PFS | [132] | |
Lung cancer | Up | Tissue PCAT6: AUC > 0.9, sensitivity 86.67–100%, specificity 78.57–96%Plasma PCAT6: a. LUAD: AUC = 0.9213, sensitivity 87.67%, specificity 97.44; b. LUSC: AUC = 0.9583, sensitivity 94.12%, specificity 100% | [41] |
Up | Poor OS | [40] | |
Up | Poor OS | [20] | |
Up | Poor OS | [43] | |
Osteosarcoma | Up | Shorter OS and PFS | [44] |
Up | Shorter OS and PFS | [45] | |
Ovarian cancer | Up | Poor OS, PFS and PPS | [48] |
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Up | Worse OS | [51] |
Prostate cancer | Up | Shorter overall and BM-free survival, shorter DFS | [53] |
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Jiang, F.; Lv, Q.; Hu, C.; Li, Z.; Wu, H.; Gao, S.; Wang, H.; Zhao, Y.; Shao, Q. PCAT6 May Be a Whistler and Checkpoint Target for Precision Therapy in Human Cancers. Cancers 2021, 13, 6101. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13236101
Jiang F, Lv Q, Hu C, Li Z, Wu H, Gao S, Wang H, Zhao Y, Shao Q. PCAT6 May Be a Whistler and Checkpoint Target for Precision Therapy in Human Cancers. Cancers. 2021; 13(23):6101. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13236101
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Feng, Qiaoyi Lv, Cexun Hu, Zhanghui Li, Haojie Wu, Shujun Gao, Hui Wang, Yangjing Zhao, and Qixiang Shao. 2021. "PCAT6 May Be a Whistler and Checkpoint Target for Precision Therapy in Human Cancers" Cancers 13, no. 23: 6101. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13236101