The Role of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Repeat Local Treatment of Recurrent Colorectal Liver Metastases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategies
2.2. Study Selection
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Guidelines
3. Results
3.1. Study Characteristics
3.2. Treatment Characteristics
3.3. Level of Evidence
3.4. Overall Survival (Critical Endpoint) and Disease-Free Survival (Important Endpoint)
3.5. Complications, Quality of Life, and Cost-Effectiveness (Important Endpoints)
3.6. Guidelines
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
5-FU | 5-FluoroUracil |
AGREE | Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation |
CEA | CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen |
COLLISION | COLorectal LIver metastases: Surgery vs. thermal ablation |
CI | Confidence Interval |
CRC | Colorectal Liver Cancer |
CRLM | Colorectal Liver Metastasis |
CRS | Clinical Risk Score |
DFS | Disease-Free Survival |
EORTC | European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer |
FOLFIRI | FOLinic acid, 5-Fluorouracil and IRInotecan |
FOLFOX | FOLinic acid, 5-Fluorouracil and Oxaliplatin |
FUFOL | 5-FluoroUracil and FOLinic acid |
HR | Hazard Ratio |
IKNL | The Dutch Comprehensive Cancer Centre; Integraal Kankercentrum Nederland |
JCOG | Japan Clinical Oncology Group |
JSCCR | Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum |
MSI | MicroSatellite Instability |
MWA | Microwave Ablation |
NAC | NeoAdjuvant Chemotherapy |
NICE | UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence |
OS | Overall Survival |
PFS | Progression-Free Survival |
PICO | Patients, Interventions, Comparisons, Outcomes |
PST | Potential Salvage Therapy |
PRISMA | Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses |
QoL | Quality of Life |
RCT | Randomized Controlled Trial |
RFA | RadioFrequency Ablation |
rLT | Repeat Local Treatment |
RR | Risk Ratio |
SD | Standard Deviation |
Appendix A. Search Strategies
Search | Query | Results |
#6 | #5 NOT “Case Reports” [Publication Type] | 8683 |
#5 | #4 NOT (“Animals”[Mesh] NOT “Humans”[Mesh]) | 10,450 |
#4 | #1 AND (#2 OR #3) | 10,856 |
#3 | “Neoadjuvant Therapy”[Mesh] OR “neoadjuvan*”[tiab] OR “conversion*”[tiab] OR “inducti*”[tiab] OR “chemotherap*”[tiab] | 1,162,750 |
#2 | “repeat*”[tiab] OR “repetition*”[tiab] OR “renew*”[tiab] OR “third”[tiab] OR “second”[tiab] OR “fourth”[tiab] OR “fifth”[tiab] OR “addition*”[tiab] OR “reresection*”[tiab] OR “rehepatectom*”[tiab] OR “re resection*”[tiab] OR “re hepatectom*”[tiab] | 4,439,761 |
#1 | (“Intestine, Large”[Mesh:NoExp] OR “Colon”[Mesh] OR “Rectum”[Mesh] OR “Colorectal Neoplasms”[Mesh] OR “colon*”[tiab] OR “colorect*”[tiab] OR “rectal*”[tiab] OR “rectum”[tiab]) AND (“Liver Neoplasms”[Mesh] OR “Liver”[Mesh] OR “Hepatectomy”[Mesh] OR “liver*”[tiab] OR “hepatot*”[tiab] OR “hepate*”[tiab] OR “hepati*”[tiab]) AND (“Neoplasm Metastasis”[Mesh] OR “metasta*”[tiab] OR “seeding*”[tiab]) | 23,360 |
No. | Query | Results |
#6 | #5 NOT (‘case report’/exp OR ‘conference abstract’/it) | 11,270 |
#5 | #4 NOT ([animals]/lim NOT [humans]/lim) | 20,018 |
#4 | #1 AND (#2 OR #3) | 20,950 |
#3 | ‘neoadjuvant chemotherapy’/exp OR neoadjuvan*:ti,ab,kw OR conversion*:ti,ab,kw OR inducti*:ti,ab,kw OR chemotherap*:ti,ab,kw | 1,602,822 |
#2 | ‘repeat procedure’/exp OR repeat*:ti,ab,kw OR repetition*:ti,ab,kw OR renew*:ti,ab,kw OR third:ti,ab,kw OR second:ti,ab,kw OR fourth:ti,ab,kw OR fifth:ti,ab,kw OR addition*:ti,ab,kw OR reresection*:ti,ab,kw OR rehepatectom*:ti,ab,kw OR ‘re resection*’:ti,ab,kw OR ‘re hepatectom*’:ti,ab,kw | 5,719,489 |
#1 | (‘large intestine’/de OR ‘colon’/exp OR ‘large intestine epithelium’/exp OR ‘large intestine mucosa’/exp OR ‘large intestine muscle’/exp OR ‘large intestine wall’/exp OR ‘rectum’/exp OR ‘large intestine tumor’/de OR ‘colon tumor’/exp OR ‘large intestine cancer’/de OR ‘colon cancer’/exp OR ‘rectum cancer’/exp OR ‘rectum tumor’/exp OR colon*:ti,ab,kw OR colorect*:ti,ab,kw OR rectal*:ti,ab,kw OR rectum:ti,ab,kw) AND (‘liver tumor’/exp OR ‘liver’/exp OR ‘liver resection’/exp OR liver*:ti,ab,kw OR hepatot*:ti,ab,kw OR hepate*:ti,ab,kw OR hepati*:ti,ab,kw) AND (‘metastasis’/exp OR ‘seeding’/exp OR metasta*:ti,ab,kw OR seeding*:ti,ab,kw) | 43,885 |
Set | Query | Results |
#3 | #2 AND #1 | 12,045 |
#2 | TOPIC: (“repeat*” OR “repetition*” OR “renew*” OR “third” OR “second” OR “fourth” OR “fifth” OR “addition*” OR “reresection*” OR “rehepatectom*” OR “re resection*” OR “re hepatectom*” OR “neoadjuvan*” OR “conversion*” OR “inducti*” OR “chemotherap*”) | 8,375,170 |
#1 | TOPIC: ((“colon*” OR “colorect*” OR “rectal*” OR “rectum”) AND (“liver*” OR “hepatot*” OR “hepate*” OR “hepati*”) AND (“metasta*” OR “seeding*”)) | 24,915 |
Appendix B. AGREE-II Instrument
7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | Domain Score | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IKNL 2019 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 73.2 |
JSCCR 2019 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 62.5 |
NICE 2009 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 92.9 |
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Author | Year | Years of Inclusion | Number of Patients with Repeat Local Treatment | Median Age in Years (Range) | Mean Age in Years ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adair [45] | 2012 | 1993–2010 | 195 | 63 (24–85) | NR |
Adam [46] | 2003 | 1984–2000 | 139 (2nd) * 60 (3rd) * | NR (32–78) NR (33–86) | 56 ± 10 56 ± 10 |
Andreou [47] | 2011 | 1993–2009 | 43 | 55 (32–74) | NR |
Brachet [48] | 2009 | 1992–2007 | 62 (2nd) * 15 (3rd) * 2 (4th) * | NR NR NR | 62.2 ± 9.7 57.9 ± 10.8 54.5 ± 10.6 |
Butte [49] | 2015 | 1994–2004 | 159 (PST) | 59 (31–81) | 58.1 ± 10.9 |
Hallet [50] | 2016 | 2006–2013 | 447 | 61.4 (NR) | NR |
Hashimoto [51] | 2016 | 2000–2012 | 17 | 60 (40–80) | NR |
Heise [52] | 2017 | 2010–2016 | 38 | 59.1 (NR) | NR ± 12.1 |
Homayounfar [53] | 2013 | 2001–2011 | 52 | 62.8 (NR) | NR |
Imai [54] | 2018 | 2000–2016 | 54 | 64 (25–94) a | 63.1 ± 11.0 a |
Imai [55] | 2019 | 1992–2012 | 29 | 57 (31–82) a | 55.8 ± 9.9 a |
Ishiguro [56] | 2006 | 1985–2004 | 111 | NR | 59 ± NR |
Kishi [57] | 2019 | 2000–2015 | 115 | 59 (28–86) | NR |
Matsuoka [58] | 2019 | 1974–2016 | 59 | NR (25–95) a | 66 ± 11.2 a |
Neal [59] | 2017 | 2001–2010 | 71 | 64 (26–85) a | 63.4 ± NR a |
Neeff [60] | 2013 | 1999–2011 | 77 | NR | NR |
Pessaux [61] | 2006 | 1992–2002 | 42 | NR (34–80) | 63.5 ± NR |
Valdimarsson [62] | 2019 | 2005–2015 | 82 | 64 (NR) | NR |
Viganò [63] | 2014 | 1998–2009 | 234 | NR | NR |
Wicherts [64] | 2013 | 1990–2010 | 263 | NR | 57 ± 11 |
Author | Chemotherapy + rLT, n (%) | Chemotherapeutic Agents (%) | rLT alone, n (%) | rLT Procedure (%) | Overall Mortality and Morbidity Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adair [45] | 52 (26.7%) | FUFOL (28.8%) FOLFOX (34.6%) FUFOL + irinotecan (9.6%) Capecitabine (3.8%) Oxaliplatin (23.1%) | 143 (73.3%) | Metastasectomy (70.8%) Segmentectomy (10.3%) Hemihepatectomy (12.2%) Trisectionectomy (4.6%) Caudate resection (2.1%) | 30-day mortality 1.5% 30-day morbidity 20% (4.6% relaparotomy) |
Adam [46] | 2nd *: 127 (91%) 3rd *: 51 (85%) | FOLFOX (NR) | 2nd *: 12 (9%) 3rd *: 9 (15%) | 2nd *
| Mortality <2 months
|
Andreou [47] | 19 (44%) | NR | 24 (56%) | Minor resections <3 segments (88%) Major liver resection ≥ 3 segments (12%) | 30-day mortality 0% 90-day mortality 0% Morbidity 12% (0% required intervention) |
Brachet [48] | 2nd *: 38 (61.3%) 3rd *: 6 (40%) 4th *: 0 (0%) | 2nd *
| 2nd *: 24 (38.7%) 3rd *: 9 (60%) 4th *: 2 (100%) | 2nd *
| Mortality <30 days
<30 days (3.8% reoperation)
|
Butte [49] | 47 (30%) | NR | 112 (70%) | Minor hepatectomy <hemi-liver (41%) Major hepatectomy: hemi-, central or extended (59%) | NR |
Hallet [50] | 310 (69.4%) | NR | 137 (30.6%) | NR | Mortality <30 days 1.3% Morbidity <30 days 28.9% (8.1% re-intervention) |
Hashimoto [51] | 4 (24%) | Oxaliplatin (NR) or irinotecan (NR) | 13 (76%) | Minor hepatectomy: wedge, segmental or sectional (88.2%) Major hepatectomy ≥ 3 segments (11.8%) | NR Morbidity 17.7% |
Heise [52] | 36 (95%) | NR | 2 (5%) | Minor hepatectomy (76%) Major hepatectomy >hemi-liver (24%) | NR Morbidity 3% |
Homayounfar [53] | 10 (19%) | 5FU (9%) 5FU + oxaliplatin (36%) 5FU + irinotecan (55%) Additional cetuximab (19%) Additional bevacizumab (34%) | 42 (81%) | Surgical exploration only (5.8%) Surgical exploration + RFA liver (7.7%) Non-anatomic liver resection (38%) Bisegmentectomy (3.8%) Bisegmentectomy + nonanatomic liver resection (1.9%) Hemihepatectomy (5.8%) Trisectorectomy (1.9%) Rectal resection (5.8%) Rectal extirpation + nonanatomic liver resection (1.9%) Others (26.9%) | Mortality 0% Morbidity 26% |
Imai, 2018 [54] | 28 (51.9%) | Oxaliplatin-based (14.3%) Oxaliplatin-based + biologic agents (17.9%) Irinotecan-based (7.1%) Irinotecan-based + biologic agents (42.9%) Oxaliplatin and irinotecan-based + biologic agents (3.6%) Others (14.3%) | 26 (48.1%) | Hepatectomy (38.9%) Hepatectomy + RFA (5.6%) Hepatectomy + resection of peritoneal metastasis (1.9%) RFA for liver metastasis (14.8%) RFA for liver + lung metastasis (1.9%) Others (37.0%) | NR |
Imai, 2019 [55] | 28 (73.7%) | NR | 10 (26.3%) | NR | NR |
Ishiguro [56] | NR | NR | NR | Minor resection (89.2%) Hemihepatectomy (5.4%) Extended hemihepatectomy (4.5%) Central bisectionectomy (0.9%) | Mortality 0% Morbidity 14% |
Kishi [57] | 6 (5.2%) | Oxaliplatin-based (NR) Irinotecan-based (NR) 5-FU with leucovorin (NR) Tegafur, Gimeracil, Oteracil Potassium (NR) | 109 (94.8%) | NR | Mortality 0.9% Morbidity 27% |
Matsuoka [58] | 55 (93%) | NR | 4 (7%) | Sectionectomy (26%) Segmentectomy (10%) Partial resection (64%) | Mortality 5% Morbidity 39% |
Neal [59] | 8 (11.3%) | NR | 63 (88.7%) | Anatomical resection (19.7%) Major hepatectomy ≥ 3 segments (16.9%) NR | Mortality <90 days Morbidity <90 days 21.1% |
Neeff [60] | 67 (87%) | All 5-FU based | 10 (13%) | Atypical/wedge (39.1%) Segmental (23.9%) Hemihepatectomy (17.4%) Extended hemihepatectomy (17.4%) Central resection (2.2%) | Mortality 3.3% Morbidity 53.3% (12% operative revisions) |
Pessaux [61] | 28 (66.7%) | NR | 14 (33.3%) | Anatomic hepatectomy (66.7%) Non-anatomic hepatectomy (33.3%) | Mortality <30 days 0% Morbidity <30 days 14.3% |
Valdimarsson [62] | 37 (45%) | All oxaliplatin based | 45 (55%) | Major liver procedure ≥ 3 segments 19% Minor liver procedure 81% | NR Morbidity 18% |
Viganò [63] | NR | Oxaliplatin-based (NR) Irinotecan-based (NR) Associated cetuximab (NR) Associated bevacizumab (NR) | NR | Anatomic resection (NR) Non-anatomic resection (NR) Associated intraoperative RFA | NR |
Wicherts [64] | 157 (60.7%) | Last line regimen
| 106 (40.3%) | Major resection ≥3 segments (17.0%) Anatomical (27.9%) Non-anatomical (52.1%) Both anatomical and non-anatomical (20.0%) | 90-day mortality 2.4% Morbidity 34.4% |
Author | Outcomes (NAC + rLT vs. rLT Alone) | Conclusions | Limitations |
---|---|---|---|
Adair [45] | Univariable analysis proportional hazards model OS: p= 0.250 DFS: not significant (p-value NR) | NAC before repeat resection did not reduce OS or affect DFS. NAC before local treatment could enhance resectability rates. | Long study duration |
Adam [46] | Log-rank test survival one-year OS: 70% vs. 70% three-year OS: 45% vs. 53% p = 0.86 | No significant difference in survival for NAC in third hepatectomy. Higher risk of bleeding and more fragile liver caused by chemotherapy. | Limited population |
Brachet [48] | Univariate Cox regression analysis survival HR = 1.034 (0.521–2.051) p = 0.923 | NAC is not a prognostic factor but might increase survival in repeat hepatectomy. NAC improves resectability of repeat resection. | Limited population Long study duration |
Butte [49] | Effective salvage therapy 27.3% vs. 24.0% p = 0.7 | No significant difference in effectiveness of salvage therapy between NAC + resection and resection alone. | Selection bias |
Heise [52] | Univariate analysis DFS p = 0.483 | No significant difference in disease-free survival for perioperative chemotherapy. | Limited population |
Neal [59] | Univariate Cox regression survival analysis OS: HR (95% CI) = 0.951 (0.400–2.261) p = 0.910 Cancer-specific survival: HR (95% CI) = 1.033 (0.434–2.455) p = 0.942 | No significant association in OS between NAC + hepatectomy and hepatectomy alone. | Limited population Selection bias |
Neeff [60] | Univariate analysis of survival log-rank test one-year OS: 96.9% vs. 100.0% three-year OS: 59.8% vs. 80.0% five-year OS: 50.4% vs. 40.0% p = 0.89 | Chemotherapy did not univariately affected long-term outcome in survival. | Small sample size |
Pessaux [61] | Univariate analysis log-rank test two-tailed five-year OS: 27% vs. 11% p = 0.39 | Effective chemotherapy and repeat local treatment is suggested for improved prognosis. | Limited population |
Valdimarsson [62] | Relative liver volumes after second procedure 100% vs. 91% p = 0.200 | Liver volume did not significantly differ between patients with and without chemotherapy | Selection bias |
Viganò [63] | Univariate analysis log rank test five-year OS: 61.5% vs. 43.7% p = 0.021 Multivariate analysis Cox proportional hazard model HR (95% CI) = 0.529 (0.299–0.934) p = 0.028 | Higher survival rates for patients with preoperative chemotherapy before re-resection. Response to chemotherapy univariately improved survival, but multivariately the prognostic role was not confirmed. | Selection bias |
Wicherts [64] | Univariable analysis five-year OS: 39% vs. 36% p = 0.572 | No significant Repeat local treatment is more challenging after preoperative chemotherapy due to liver damage. | Limited population |
Author | Conclusions and Recommendations | Limitations |
---|---|---|
Andreou [47] | No negative effect of NAC on surgical results of repeat local treatment. | Selection bias |
Hallet [50] | The liver is potentially more friable after chemotherapy before repeat local treatment. | Selection bias Information bias Misclassification bias |
Hashimoto [51] | Suggestion of aggressive oncosurgical approach if recurrent CRLM is resectable. Chemotherapy and repeat local treatment are related to increased PFS. Evaluation of responsiveness of chemotherapy affected selection of repeat local treatment. | Limited sample size Long study duration Selection bias |
Homayounfar [53] | Intensive chemotherapy protocols could qualify a larger group of patients for repeat local treatment. | Selection bias |
Imai, 2018 [54] | Prognostic character of chemotherapy remains unclear. Aggressive oncosurgical approach might be associated with increased survival. | Selection bias |
Imai, 2019 [55] | Beneficial outcome for patients with NAC and repeat local treatment. | Historical bias |
Ishiguro [56] | Chemotherapy before local treatment could prolong survival for patients with risk factors (extended disease). | Selection bias |
Kishi [57] | The OS of NAC + repeat resection and repeat resection alone was comparable. | Selection bias |
Matsuoka [58] | Aggressive oncosurgical approach should be performed, considering repeat hepatectomy and systemic chemotherapy. It might improve survival in selected patients. | Selection bias |
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Dijkstra, M.; Nieuwenhuizen, S.; Puijk, R.S.; Geboers, B.; Timmer, F.E.F.; Schouten, E.A.C.; Scheffer, H.J.; de Vries, J.J.J.; Ket, J.C.F.; Versteeg, K.S.; et al. The Role of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Repeat Local Treatment of Recurrent Colorectal Liver Metastases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers 2021, 13, 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13030378
Dijkstra M, Nieuwenhuizen S, Puijk RS, Geboers B, Timmer FEF, Schouten EAC, Scheffer HJ, de Vries JJJ, Ket JCF, Versteeg KS, et al. The Role of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Repeat Local Treatment of Recurrent Colorectal Liver Metastases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers. 2021; 13(3):378. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13030378
Chicago/Turabian StyleDijkstra, Madelon, Sanne Nieuwenhuizen, Robbert S. Puijk, Bart Geboers, Florentine E. F. Timmer, Evelien A. C. Schouten, Hester J. Scheffer, Jan J. J. de Vries, Johannes C. F. Ket, Kathelijn S. Versteeg, and et al. 2021. "The Role of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Repeat Local Treatment of Recurrent Colorectal Liver Metastases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Cancers 13, no. 3: 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13030378