The CXCL12 Crossroads in Cancer Stem Cells and Their Niche
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. The Cancer Stem Cell Model
1.2. The Cancer Stem Cell Niche
1.2.1. Mesenchymal Stem Cells
1.2.2. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
1.2.3. The Immune Component
1.2.4. Vasculature
2. CXCL12 Axes and Their Role in Cancer
2.1. The CXCL12/CXCR4 Axis
2.2. The CXCL12/CXCR7 Axis
2.3. The CSC Niche Mimics the HSC Niche
3. CXCL12 in Different CSCs
3.1. Breast Cancer
3.2. Lung Cancer
3.3. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
3.4. Gastrointestinal Tumors
3.5. Brain Tumors
3.6. Hematological Cancers
4. CXCL12 in the CSC Niche
4.1. Immune System
4.2. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
4.3. Vascular Endothelial Cells
5. Therapeutic Approaches to Target the CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 Axes
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tumoral Source of CSCs | CXCL12/CXCR4 Effects | Molecular Mechanisms |
---|---|---|
Breast cancer | Metastasis | Activation of RhoA [133]. |
Adhesion | Interaction between RhoA and Rac1 [133]. | |
EMT | Activation of SOX2, OCT4 and NANOG [134]. Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation [135]. | |
Self-renewal | JNK/cJun overactivation [134]. | |
Lung cancer | Self-renewal | mTOR and Akt signaling activation [136]. |
Chemoresistance | Upregulation of CYP1B1 [137]. | |
Squamous cell carcinomas | Migration | Increase podia formation [138]. |
CSC expansion | Autocrine activation of PDGFRα [139]. | |
Gastric cancer | Self-renewal | Wnt5a secretion by ILCs and RhoA activation in CSCs [140]. |
Esophageal cancer | Metastasis and stemness | Activation of ERK1/2 pathway [141]. |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | Stemness | Activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway [142]. |
Pancreatic cancer | Metastasis | Loss of KLF10 and activation of c-Jun [143]. |
Glioma | Cell survival and tumor progression | Autocrine positive loop of CXCL12 [144,145]. |
Acute Myeloid Leukemia | Cell survival | Activation of anti-apoptotic pathways [146]. |
Drug | Molecule Inhibited | Tested in | Biological Effect |
---|---|---|---|
AMD3100 (Plerixafor) | CXCR4 and CXCR7 | Medulloblastoma | Inhibition of cell migration, survival and proliferation [237]. Recruitment and expansion of CTLs, MDSCs halting [225,240]. |
PDAC | |||
Glioblastoma | |||
PRX177561 | CXCR4 | Glioblastoma | Reduction of tumor growth, M2 to M1 macrophage polarization and reduction of CSC traits [239]. |
TN14003 | CXCR4 | Breast cancer | Blocking metastasis [192]. |
Oncolytic virus | CXCR4 | Ovarian cancer | CSC reduction and immune modulation [223]. |
EPI-X4 | CXCR4 | PDAC, leukemia | Inhibition of cell migration [241,242]. |
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López-Gil, J.C.; Martin-Hijano, L.; Hermann, P.C.; Sainz, B., Jr. The CXCL12 Crossroads in Cancer Stem Cells and Their Niche. Cancers 2021, 13, 469. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13030469
López-Gil JC, Martin-Hijano L, Hermann PC, Sainz B Jr. The CXCL12 Crossroads in Cancer Stem Cells and Their Niche. Cancers. 2021; 13(3):469. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13030469
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez-Gil, Juan Carlos, Laura Martin-Hijano, Patrick C. Hermann, and Bruno Sainz, Jr. 2021. "The CXCL12 Crossroads in Cancer Stem Cells and Their Niche" Cancers 13, no. 3: 469. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13030469