Musashi-1 Regulates MIF1-Mediated M2 Macrophage Polarization in Promoting Glioblastoma Progression
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Musashi-1 Overexpression in GBM Cells Elevates MIF1 Expression and Secretion
2.2. THP-1-Derived Macrophages Are Polarized into the M2 State in the MSI1-Dependent Manner
2.3. MSI1 Expression Is Highly Correlated with MIF1 in GBM Tumor Mouse Models
2.4. MIF1 Antagonist ISO-1 Is Effective in Reducing the M2 Subpopulation and Cellular Proliferation, Migration and Phagocytosis
2.5. Inhibition of MIF1 Causes Suppression of GBM Growth In Vivo with Concomitant Reduction of the M2 Macrophage Population
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Culture and Clinical Tissue
4.2. Differentiation and Polarization of THP-1 Cells
4.3. Animals and GBM Tumor Models
4.4. Plasmid Construction and Transfection
4.5. Polymerase Chain Reaction
4.6. Protein Extraction and Western Blotting
4.7. Immunofluorescent Staining
4.8. Flow Cytometry
4.9. Cytokine Assays
4.10. Proliferation Assay
4.11. Phagocytosis Assay
4.12. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Yang, Y.-P.; Chien, C.-S.; Yarmishyn, A.A.; Chan, M.-S.; Lee, A.C.-L.; Chen, Y.-W.; Huang, P.-I.; Ma, H.-I.; Lo, W.-L.; Chien, Y.; et al. Musashi-1 Regulates MIF1-Mediated M2 Macrophage Polarization in Promoting Glioblastoma Progression. Cancers 2021, 13, 1799. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13081799
Yang Y-P, Chien C-S, Yarmishyn AA, Chan M-S, Lee AC-L, Chen Y-W, Huang P-I, Ma H-I, Lo W-L, Chien Y, et al. Musashi-1 Regulates MIF1-Mediated M2 Macrophage Polarization in Promoting Glioblastoma Progression. Cancers. 2021; 13(8):1799. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13081799
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Yi-Ping, Chian-Shiu Chien, Aliaksandr A. Yarmishyn, Man-Sheung Chan, Andy Chi-Lung Lee, Yi-Wei Chen, Pin-I Huang, Hsin-I Ma, Wen-Liang Lo, Yueh Chien, and et al. 2021. "Musashi-1 Regulates MIF1-Mediated M2 Macrophage Polarization in Promoting Glioblastoma Progression" Cancers 13, no. 8: 1799. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13081799