The Multiple Myeloma Landscape: Epigenetics and Non-Coding RNAs
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methylation
3. Acetylation
4. Non-Coding RNAs
4.1. microRNAs
4.2. Long Non-Coding RNAs
4.3. Other ncRNAs
5. Therapies
6. Future Perspectives
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Activity/Pathway Affected | miRNA | Status 1 | Target | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Enhances PI3K/Akt pathway | miR-20a | EGR2, PTEN | [29,30] | |
miR-21 | PIAS3 | [31] | ||
miR-25-3p | PTEN | [32] | ||
miR-221/222 | PUMA, PTEN, CDKN1B, p27 | [33] | ||
miR-410 | KLF10 | [34] | ||
Enhances mTOR pathway | miR-19b | TSC1 | [35,36] | |
miR-135b, miR-642a | DEPTOR | [37] | ||
Related to a hypoxia phenotype | miR-210 | DIMT1 | [38,39] | |
miR-1305 | MDM2, IGF1, FGF2 | [40] | ||
Disrupts PRC2 activity | miR-124 | EZH2 | [41] | |
Modulates microenvironment | miR-146a | Not described | [42] | |
miR-155 | Not described | [43] | ||
Promotes proliferation, circulating miRNAs | miR-17-92 | BIM | [35] | |
miR-221/222 | [33] | |||
Circulating miRNA | miR-1 | Not described | [44] | |
miR-133a/b | Not described | [44] | ||
miR-135b | HIF1A | [45,46] | ||
miR-146b | Not described | [47] | ||
miR-181a | BCL2L11 | [48,49] | ||
miR-214 | CD276 | [50] | ||
Represses JAK/STAT pathway | miR-125b | IL6R, STAT3, MALAT1 | [51,52] | |
miR-331-3p | IL6R | [53] | ||
miR-375 | PDPK1 | [54] | ||
miR-451 | IL6R | [55] | ||
let-7b-5p | IGF1R | [56] | ||
Regulates cyclin activity | miR-26a | CDK6 | [57] | |
miR-28-5p | CCND1 | [58] | ||
miR-30a-3p | MAF | [59] | ||
miR-338-3p | CDK4 | [60] | ||
miR-340-5p | CCND1, NRAS | [61] | ||
miR-196a/b | CCND2 | [44] | ||
Regulates proliferation | miR-22 | c-Myc | [62] | |
miR-29a | c-Myc | [63] | ||
miR-34a | BCL2, CDK6, NOTCH1, c-Myc, MET, IL6R | [52,64,65] | ||
miR-193a | MCL1 | [66] | ||
miR-497 | BCL2 | [67] | ||
miR-767-5p | MAPK4 | [68] | ||
miR-874-3p | HDAC1 | [69] | ||
miR-1180 | YAP | [70] | ||
Prevents angiogenesis | miR-15a/16 | BCL2, VEGF, IL17 | [71] | |
Regulates acetylation | miR-29b | HDAC4, MCL1 | [72] | |
Regulates transcriptional activity | miR-509-5p | FOXP1 | [73] | |
miR-1271-5p | SOX13, HGF | [74,75] | ||
Prevents hypoxia phenotype | miR-199a-5p | HIF1A, VEGFA | [76] | |
Prevents osteolytic activity | miR-342 | RUNX2 | [77] | |
miR-363 | RUNX2 | [77] |
lncRNA | Status 1 | Target | Activity/Pathway Affected | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
ANGPLT1-3 | miR-30a-3p | ceRNA | [59] | |
BM742401 | Not described | Inhibit myeloma cell migration, biomarker | [84] | |
CRNDE | miR-451 | ceRNA | [55,85] | |
DARS-AS1 | RBM39 | Enhances mTOR pathway, hypoxia phenotype | [86] | |
H19 | miR-29b | ceRNA, biomarker | [87] | |
HOTAIR | Not described | Enhances JAK/STAT pathway | [88] | |
MALAT1 | HMGB1, miR-509-5p, miR-1271 | Contributes to genomic stability, ceRNA, biomarker | [73,74,89,90] | |
MEG3 | miR-181a | Promotes osteogenic differentiation, biomarker, ceRNA | [91] | |
MIAT | miR-29b | Inducible by bortezomib, ceRNA, biomarker | [92] | |
NEAT1 | miR-214, miR-193a | Downregulates genes involved in DNA repair, enhances Wnt/β-catenin pathway, ceRNA | [50,66,93,94] | |
NR_046683 | Not described | Biomarker | [95] | |
OPI5-AS1 | miR-410 | ceRNA | [34] | |
PDIA3P | c-Myc | Regulates proliferation | [96] | |
RUNX2-AS1 | RUNX2 pre-mRNA | Promotes osteogenesis | [97] | |
SMILO | Not described | Regulates proliferation | [98] | |
SNHG16 | miR-342 | ceRNA | [99] | |
UCA1 | miR-1271-5p, miR-331-3p | ceRNA | [61,75] | |
XLOC_013703 | IKKA | Represses NF-κB pathway | [100] |
lncRNA | miRNA | Gene | References |
---|---|---|---|
ANGPLT1-3 | miR-30a-3p | MAF | [59] |
CRNDE | miR-451 | IL6R | [55,85] |
H19 | miR-29b | HDAC4 and MCL1 | [72,87] |
MALAT1 | miR-509-5p | FOXP1 | [73] |
miR-1271-5p | SOX13 | [74] | |
MEG3 | miR-181a | BCL2L11 | [91] |
MIAT | miR-29b | HDAC4 and MCL1 | [72,92] |
NEAT1 | miR-214 | CD276 | [50] |
miR-193a | MCL1 | [66] | |
OPI5-AS1 | miR-410 | KLF10 | [34] |
PRAL | miR-210 | DIMT1 | [38,39] |
SNHG16 | miR-342 | RUNX2 | [99] |
UCA1 | miR-331-3p | IL6R | [61] |
miR-1271-5p | SOX13 and HGF | [75] |
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Coira, I.F.; Rincón, R.; Cuendet, M. The Multiple Myeloma Landscape: Epigenetics and Non-Coding RNAs. Cancers 2022, 14, 2348. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14102348
Coira IF, Rincón R, Cuendet M. The Multiple Myeloma Landscape: Epigenetics and Non-Coding RNAs. Cancers. 2022; 14(10):2348. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14102348
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoira, Isabel F., Rafael Rincón, and Muriel Cuendet. 2022. "The Multiple Myeloma Landscape: Epigenetics and Non-Coding RNAs" Cancers 14, no. 10: 2348. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14102348