The Multiple Myeloma Landscape: Epigenetics and Non-Coding RNAs
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methylation
3. Acetylation
4. Non-Coding RNAs
4.1. microRNAs
4.2. Long Non-Coding RNAs
4.3. Other ncRNAs
5. Therapies
6. Future Perspectives
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Activity/Pathway Affected | miRNA | Status 1 | Target | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Enhances PI3K/Akt pathway | miR-20a | | EGR2, PTEN | [29,30] |
miR-21 | | PIAS3 | [31] | |
miR-25-3p | | PTEN | [32] | |
miR-221/222 | | PUMA, PTEN, CDKN1B, p27 | [33] | |
miR-410 | | KLF10 | [34] | |
Enhances mTOR pathway | miR-19b | | TSC1 | [35,36] |
miR-135b, miR-642a | | DEPTOR | [37] | |
Related to a hypoxia phenotype | miR-210 | | DIMT1 | [38,39] |
miR-1305 | | MDM2, IGF1, FGF2 | [40] | |
Disrupts PRC2 activity | miR-124 | | EZH2 | [41] |
Modulates microenvironment | miR-146a | | Not described | [42] |
miR-155 | | Not described | [43] | |
Promotes proliferation, circulating miRNAs | miR-17-92 | | BIM | [35] |
miR-221/222 | | [33] | ||
Circulating miRNA | miR-1 | | Not described | [44] |
miR-133a/b | | Not described | [44] | |
miR-135b | | HIF1A | [45,46] | |
miR-146b | | Not described | [47] | |
miR-181a | | BCL2L11 | [48,49] | |
miR-214 | | CD276 | [50] | |
Represses JAK/STAT pathway | miR-125b | | IL6R, STAT3, MALAT1 | [51,52] |
miR-331-3p | | IL6R | [53] | |
miR-375 | | PDPK1 | [54] | |
miR-451 | | IL6R | [55] | |
let-7b-5p | | IGF1R | [56] | |
Regulates cyclin activity | miR-26a | | CDK6 | [57] |
miR-28-5p | | CCND1 | [58] | |
miR-30a-3p | | MAF | [59] | |
miR-338-3p | | CDK4 | [60] | |
miR-340-5p | | CCND1, NRAS | [61] | |
miR-196a/b | | CCND2 | [44] | |
Regulates proliferation | miR-22 | | c-Myc | [62] |
miR-29a | | c-Myc | [63] | |
miR-34a | | BCL2, CDK6, NOTCH1, c-Myc, MET, IL6R | [52,64,65] | |
miR-193a | | MCL1 | [66] | |
miR-497 | | BCL2 | [67] | |
miR-767-5p | | MAPK4 | [68] | |
miR-874-3p | | HDAC1 | [69] | |
miR-1180 | | YAP | [70] | |
Prevents angiogenesis | miR-15a/16 | | BCL2, VEGF, IL17 | [71] |
Regulates acetylation | miR-29b | | HDAC4, MCL1 | [72] |
Regulates transcriptional activity | miR-509-5p | | FOXP1 | [73] |
miR-1271-5p | | SOX13, HGF | [74,75] | |
Prevents hypoxia phenotype | miR-199a-5p | | HIF1A, VEGFA | [76] |
Prevents osteolytic activity | miR-342 | | RUNX2 | [77] |
miR-363 | | RUNX2 | [77] |
lncRNA | Status 1 | Target | Activity/Pathway Affected | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
ANGPLT1-3 | | miR-30a-3p | ceRNA | [59] |
BM742401 | | Not described | Inhibit myeloma cell migration, biomarker | [84] |
CRNDE | | miR-451 | ceRNA | [55,85] |
DARS-AS1 | | RBM39 | Enhances mTOR pathway, hypoxia phenotype | [86] |
H19 | | miR-29b | ceRNA, biomarker | [87] |
HOTAIR | | Not described | Enhances JAK/STAT pathway | [88] |
MALAT1 | | HMGB1, miR-509-5p, miR-1271 | Contributes to genomic stability, ceRNA, biomarker | [73,74,89,90] |
MEG3 | | miR-181a | Promotes osteogenic differentiation, biomarker, ceRNA | [91] |
MIAT | | miR-29b | Inducible by bortezomib, ceRNA, biomarker | [92] |
NEAT1 | | miR-214, miR-193a | Downregulates genes involved in DNA repair, enhances Wnt/β-catenin pathway, ceRNA | [50,66,93,94] |
NR_046683 | | Not described | Biomarker | [95] |
OPI5-AS1 | | miR-410 | ceRNA | [34] |
PDIA3P | | c-Myc | Regulates proliferation | [96] |
RUNX2-AS1 | | RUNX2 pre-mRNA | Promotes osteogenesis | [97] |
SMILO | | Not described | Regulates proliferation | [98] |
SNHG16 | | miR-342 | ceRNA | [99] |
UCA1 | | miR-1271-5p, miR-331-3p | ceRNA | [61,75] |
XLOC_013703 | | IKKA | Represses NF-κB pathway | [100] |
lncRNA | miRNA | Gene | References |
---|---|---|---|
ANGPLT1-3 | miR-30a-3p | MAF | [59] |
CRNDE | miR-451 | IL6R | [55,85] |
H19 | miR-29b | HDAC4 and MCL1 | [72,87] |
MALAT1 | miR-509-5p | FOXP1 | [73] |
miR-1271-5p | SOX13 | [74] | |
MEG3 | miR-181a | BCL2L11 | [91] |
MIAT | miR-29b | HDAC4 and MCL1 | [72,92] |
NEAT1 | miR-214 | CD276 | [50] |
miR-193a | MCL1 | [66] | |
OPI5-AS1 | miR-410 | KLF10 | [34] |
PRAL | miR-210 | DIMT1 | [38,39] |
SNHG16 | miR-342 | RUNX2 | [99] |
UCA1 | miR-331-3p | IL6R | [61] |
miR-1271-5p | SOX13 and HGF | [75] |
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Coira, I.F.; Rincón, R.; Cuendet, M. The Multiple Myeloma Landscape: Epigenetics and Non-Coding RNAs. Cancers 2022, 14, 2348. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14102348
Coira IF, Rincón R, Cuendet M. The Multiple Myeloma Landscape: Epigenetics and Non-Coding RNAs. Cancers. 2022; 14(10):2348. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14102348
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoira, Isabel F., Rafael Rincón, and Muriel Cuendet. 2022. "The Multiple Myeloma Landscape: Epigenetics and Non-Coding RNAs" Cancers 14, no. 10: 2348. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14102348