MAEL Augments Cancer Stemness Properties and Resistance to Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma through the PTGS2/AKT/STAT3 Axis
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Lines and Cell Culture
2.2. Establishing Stable Knockdown and Knockout Cell Lines
2.3. Establishing Gene Overexpression Stable Cell Lines
2.4. RT-PCR and Q-PCR
2.5. Western Blot
2.6. Bioinformatic Analysis in TCGA Database
2.7. Cell Proliferation Assay
2.8. Migration and Invasion Assay
2.9. Self-Renewal Assay
2.10. Tumor Formation in Nude Mice and Sorafenib Treatment
2.11. Flow Cytometry Analysis
2.12. RNA Sequencing and Pathway Analysis
2.13. Immunofluorescent Staining
2.14. Luciferase Reporter Assay
2.15. IL-8 Detection with ELISA
2.16. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. HCC Patients with High-Level MAEL Display Poor Outcomes
3.2. MAEL Promotes Aggressiveness in Liver Cells
3.3. MAEL Promotes Stem-Cell-like Properties in HCC
3.4. MAEL Contributes to the Formation of Resistance to Sorafenib in HCC Cells
3.5. MAEL May Regulate HCC Stemness and Sorafenib Resistance through IL-8/STAT3/NF kB/AKT Signaling
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Shi, C.; Kwong, D.L.-W.; Li, X.; Wang, X.; Fang, X.; Sun, L.; Tang, Y.; Guan, X.-Y.; Li, S.-S. MAEL Augments Cancer Stemness Properties and Resistance to Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma through the PTGS2/AKT/STAT3 Axis. Cancers 2022, 14, 2880. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14122880
Shi C, Kwong DL-W, Li X, Wang X, Fang X, Sun L, Tang Y, Guan X-Y, Li S-S. MAEL Augments Cancer Stemness Properties and Resistance to Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma through the PTGS2/AKT/STAT3 Axis. Cancers. 2022; 14(12):2880. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14122880
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Chaoran, Dora Lai-Wan Kwong, Xue Li, Xia Wang, Xiaona Fang, Liangzhan Sun, Ying Tang, Xin-Yuan Guan, and Shan-Shan Li. 2022. "MAEL Augments Cancer Stemness Properties and Resistance to Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma through the PTGS2/AKT/STAT3 Axis" Cancers 14, no. 12: 2880. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14122880