Individualization of Radionuclide Therapies: Challenges and Prospects
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Radionuclides for Therapies
3. Therapeutic Effects of Implemented Internal Dosimetry
3.1. Treatment of Liver Malignancies with Microspheres
3.2. Radioiodine Therapy of Thyroid Cancer
3.3. Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy of Neuroendocrine Tumors
3.4. PSMA-Based Therapy of Metastasized Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer
3.5. Others
4. Why Are the Vast Majority of Nuclear Medicine Therapy Prescriptions Still Not Patient-Specific Dosimetry-Based?
5. Trends in Personalized Internal Dosimetry
6. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SPECT | Single-photon emission computed tomography |
QSPECT | Quantitative single-photon emission computed tomography |
PET | Positron emission tomography |
CT | Computed tomography |
EANM | European Association of Nuclear Medicine |
BNMS | The British Nuclear Medicine Society |
EBRT | External beam radiotherapy |
HCC | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
SSTR2 | Somatostatin receptor type 2 |
PSMA | Prostate-specific membrane antigen |
NET | Neuroendocrine tumors |
GEP-NET | Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors |
mCRPC | metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer |
VOI | Volume of interest |
TAC | Time–activity curve |
PRRT | Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy |
Teff | Effective half-life |
ESMIT | The European School of Multimodality Imaging and Therapy |
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Radionuclide | Basic Radiation Type for Therapy | Chemical and Dosage Form | Indications | Administration Route | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Iodine 131I | β− | Sodium iodide | Thyroid carcinoma | Oral | |
Hyperthyroidism | [12,13] | ||||
Iodine 131I | β− | Pheochromocytoma | Intravenous | ||
Iobenguane | Paraganglioma | [14,15,16,17] | |||
Neuroblastoma Carcinoid | |||||
Iodine 131I | β− | Apamistamab | Leukemia | Intravenous | [18] |
Iodine 131I | β− | Tositumomab | non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | Intravenous | [19,20] |
Iodine 131I | β− | Lipiodol | HCC, liver metastasis | Intra-arterial infusion | [21,22] |
Samarium 153Sm | β− | Lexidronam | Painful skeletal metastases | Intravenous | [23] |
Strontium 89Sr | β− | Strontium chloride | Painful skeletal metastases | Intravenous | [24] |
Yttrium 90Y | β− | Ibritumomabtiuxetan | non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | Intravenous | [25] |
Yttrium 90Y Therasphere | β− | 90Y glass spheres | Unresectable HCC Liver metastasis | Intra-arterial infusion | [26] |
Yttrium 90Y SIR-Spheres | β− | 90Y resin spheres | Unresectable HCC Liver metastasis | Intra-arterial infusion | [27] |
Lutetium 177Lu or Yttrium 90Y | β− | [177Lu]Lu-DOTATATE [90Y]Y or [177Lu]Lu-DOTATOC | Unresectable or metastasized NETs | Intravenous | [28,29] |
Lutetium 177Lu or Actinium225Ac | β− α | [177Lu]Lu-PSMA | Prostate cancer | Intravenous | |
[225Ac]Ac-PSMA | (mCRPC) | [30,31] | |||
Phosphorus 32P Yttrium 90Y Rhenium 186Re | β− | Colloids | Radiosynovectomy | Intra-articular injection | [32] |
Radium 223Ra | A | Radium dichloride | Painful skeletal metastases | Intravenous | [33,34] |
Radionuclide | Basic Radiation Type for Therapy | Indications | References |
---|---|---|---|
Yttrium 90Y | β− | Breast cancer | [35] |
Lutetium 177Lu | β− | Pancreatic cancer | [36,37] |
Iodine 131I | β− | Neuroblastoma Central Nervous System/Leptomeningeal Metastases | [38] |
Phosphorus 32P | β− | Pancreatic cancer | [39] |
Copper 67Cu | β− | Radioimmunotherapy | [40] |
Holmium 166Ho | β− | HCC, liver metastasis | [29] |
Indium 111In | Auger e− | GEP-NETs, lung and bladder cancer | [41,42,43] |
Tin 117mSn | Internal conversion e− | Painful skeletal metastases | [44] |
Bismuth 213Bi | α | Glioblastoma, prostate and bladder cancer | [45,46,47] |
Astatine 211At | A | Lung cancer, glioblastoma, radioimmunotherapy | [48,49,50,51] |
Technical Causes |
Dosimetric imaging and analysis are technically challenging. |
Lack of general recommendation on how best to perform QSPECT/CT calibration and quantification. |
Lack of integrated, accessible software, which is commercially available (works in progress). |
The necessity of multiple patient acquisitions. |
Questionable accuracy, uncertainty. |
Other Problems |
Shortage of medical physicists trained and employed to perform internal dosimetry. |
Difficulty to image some therapy radionuclides (surrogates needed). |
Additional complications with alpha-emitters. |
Lack of awareness of healthcare professionals of the increased effectiveness of radioisotope therapies performed using dosimetric calculations. |
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Piwowarska-Bilska, H.; Kurkowska, S.; Birkenfeld, B. Individualization of Radionuclide Therapies: Challenges and Prospects. Cancers 2022, 14, 3418. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14143418
Piwowarska-Bilska H, Kurkowska S, Birkenfeld B. Individualization of Radionuclide Therapies: Challenges and Prospects. Cancers. 2022; 14(14):3418. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14143418
Chicago/Turabian StylePiwowarska-Bilska, Hanna, Sara Kurkowska, and Bozena Birkenfeld. 2022. "Individualization of Radionuclide Therapies: Challenges and Prospects" Cancers 14, no. 14: 3418. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14143418