SOX9 Triggers Different Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition States to Promote Pancreatic Cancer Progression
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedures
2.1. Human Samples
2.2. Cell Culture
2.3. Gene Silencing and Overexpression
2.4. mRNA Expression Analysis
2.5. Western Blot and Immunofluorescence
2.6. In Vitro Assays for Migration and Invasion
2.7. F-Actin Staining
2.8. Colony Formation Assay
2.9. Soft Agar Foci
2.10. In Vivo Carcinogenesis Assays
2.11. Immunohistochemistry
2.12. Expression Microarrays
2.13. Data Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. SOX9 Overexpression Confers Metastatic Potential and Promotes EMT in K-Ras Transformed Cells
3.2. SOX9 Overexpression Promotes EMT and Metastatic Traits in Pancreatic Cancer Cells
3.3. Silencing of SOX9 Drives MET and Decreases Metastatic Potential
3.4. SOX9 Is Necessary for Pro-Metastatic Cancer Self-Renewal
3.5. Transcriptomics Reveal Multiple Processes Differentially Expressed in SOX9-Silenced Cells
3.6. BMI1 Stem Cell Factor Mediates SOX9 Activities
3.7. High Levels of SOX9 Confer Chemoresistance
3.8. High Levels of SOX9 Are Associated with Reduced Survival and Correlate with EMT Markers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Carrasco-Garcia, E.; Lopez, L.; Moncho-Amor, V.; Carazo, F.; Aldaz, P.; Collado, M.; Bell, D.; Gaafar, A.; Karamitopoulou, E.; Tzankov, A.; et al. SOX9 Triggers Different Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition States to Promote Pancreatic Cancer Progression. Cancers 2022, 14, 916. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14040916
Carrasco-Garcia E, Lopez L, Moncho-Amor V, Carazo F, Aldaz P, Collado M, Bell D, Gaafar A, Karamitopoulou E, Tzankov A, et al. SOX9 Triggers Different Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition States to Promote Pancreatic Cancer Progression. Cancers. 2022; 14(4):916. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14040916
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarrasco-Garcia, Estefania, Lidia Lopez, Veronica Moncho-Amor, Fernando Carazo, Paula Aldaz, Manuel Collado, Donald Bell, Ayman Gaafar, Eva Karamitopoulou, Alexandar Tzankov, and et al. 2022. "SOX9 Triggers Different Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition States to Promote Pancreatic Cancer Progression" Cancers 14, no. 4: 916. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14040916