Exploring the Impact of the Obesity Paradox on Lung Cancer and Other Malignancies
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Obesity and Cancer Development
3.2. Obesity and Cancer Prognosis
3.3. Obesity Paradox in Other Cancers
3.3.1. Renal
3.3.2. Melanoma
3.4. Obesity Paradox in Lung Cancer
3.4.1. Obesity and Survival in Lung Cancer
3.4.2. Enhanced PD-1 Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy Response
3.5. Measurements of Adiposity
3.5.1. BMI
3.5.2. Underwater Weighing
3.5.3. Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
3.5.4. Bioelectric Impedance
3.5.5. The Waist-to-Hip Ratio
3.5.6. Visceral Fat Index
3.5.7. Abdominal Obesity
3.6. Confounding Factors
3.6.1. Metformin
3.6.2. Statins
3.6.3. Sex
3.6.4. Smoking
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | BMI Definition (kg/m2) | Number of Patients | Conclusions |
---|---|---|---|
Ferguson [104] | Overweight (25–29.9) Obese (30–34.9) Very obese (>35) | 1369 | Patients in the overweight, obese, and very obese categories had a lower rate of complications than patients with a BMI < 25 (OR: 0.72 p = 0.048) |
Thomas [105] | Overweight (25–30) Obese (>30) | 19,635 | Overweight patients had lower mortality (OR: 0.72 p = 0.002) and obese patients had lower mortality (OR: 0.52 p < 0.001) compared to normal-weight patients and a statistically significant protective effect of obesity was observed in surgical complications |
Williams [106] | Overweight (25–29.9) Obese I (30–34.9) Obese II (35–39.9) Obese III (>40) | 41,466 | Obese III patients had significantly higher rates of pulmonary complications (p < 0.001), but overweight, Obese I and Obese II patients had a lower risk of pulmonary complications and any post-operative event |
Matsunaga [107] | Overweight (25–30) Obese (>30) | 1518 | Overweight and obese patients did not experience higher rates of pulmonary complications |
Nakagawa [108] | Underweight (<18.5) Normal (18.5–25) Overweight (25–30) Obese (>30) | 1311 | Only underweight BMI was a poor prognostic factor for DFS (p = 0.03) OS (p = 0.03) |
Lam [13] | Overweight (25–30) Obese (>30) | 291 | Increasing BMI was associated with improved survival (p = 0.011) and Obese individuals had a decrease of 31–58% (HR = 0.68 ± 0.21) |
Attaran [110] | Obese (BMI > 30) | 337 | Survival rate was higher for obese patients (p = 0.02) on univariate analysis and (p = 0.04) on multivariate analysis |
Petrella [115] | Obese (>25) | 154 | The high BMI group had a higher incidence of respiratory complications (p = 0.002) but there was no significant difference in ICU admission, LOS, and 30 day mortality |
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Nitsche, L.J.; Mukherjee, S.; Cheruvu, K.; Krabak, C.; Rachala, R.; Ratnakaram, K.; Sharma, P.; Singh, M.; Yendamuri, S. Exploring the Impact of the Obesity Paradox on Lung Cancer and Other Malignancies. Cancers 2022, 14, 1440. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14061440
Nitsche LJ, Mukherjee S, Cheruvu K, Krabak C, Rachala R, Ratnakaram K, Sharma P, Singh M, Yendamuri S. Exploring the Impact of the Obesity Paradox on Lung Cancer and Other Malignancies. Cancers. 2022; 14(6):1440. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14061440
Chicago/Turabian StyleNitsche, Lindsay Joyce, Sarbajit Mukherjee, Kareena Cheruvu, Cathleen Krabak, Rohit Rachala, Kalyan Ratnakaram, Priyanka Sharma, Maddy Singh, and Sai Yendamuri. 2022. "Exploring the Impact of the Obesity Paradox on Lung Cancer and Other Malignancies" Cancers 14, no. 6: 1440. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14061440