Testicular Germ Cell Tumours and Proprotein Convertases
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Testicular Germ-Cell Tumours (TGCT)
2.1. Tumour Classification
2.1.1. Seminoma
2.1.2. NSGCTs
2.2. Risk Factors
2.3. Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment
2.4. TGCT Molecular Markers
2.4.1. Histological Markers
2.4.2. Blood Plasma Markers
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
2.4.3. Recent Discoveries and Future Prospects
2.5. Spermatogenesis: Key Points to Consider
3. Proproteine Convertases (PCs) as Molecular Targets for Testicular Cancer
3.1. PCs and Cancer
3.1.1. Furin
3.1.2. PCSK6
3.2. PC in the Testes
4. Cancer and Inflammation
4.1. TGCTs and Inflammation
4.2. Immunotherapeutic Approaches to TGCT Treatment
5. Conclusions and Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Germ Cell Tumors Derived from Germ Cell Neoplasia In Situ |
Non-invasive germ cell neoplasia |
Germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) |
Specific forms of intratubular germ cell neoplasia |
Tumors of single histological type (pure forms) |
Seminoma |
Seminoma with scyncytiotrophoblast cells |
Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors |
Embryonal carcinoma |
Yolk sac tumor, postpubertal-type |
Trophoblastic tumors |
Choriocarcinoma |
Non-choriocarcinomatous trophoblastic tumors |
Placental site trophoblastic tumor |
Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor |
Cystic trophoblastic tumor |
Teratoma, postpubertal-type |
Teratoma with somatic-type malignancy |
Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors of more than one histologycal type |
Mixed germ cell tumors |
Germ cell tumors of unknown type |
Regressed germ cell tumors |
Germ Cell Tumors Unrelated to GCNIS |
Spermatocytic tumor |
Teratoma, prepubertal-type |
Dermoid cyst |
Epidermoid cyst |
Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (monodermal teratoma) |
Mixed teratoma and yolk sac tumor, prepubertal-type |
Yolk sac tumor, prepubertal-type |
GOOD PROGNOSIS | |
Non-seminoma | Seminoma |
Testis/retroperineal primary tumor And No non-pulmonary visceral metastases And Good markers (all of): AFP< 1000 ng/mL hCG< 5000 iu/L (1000 ng/mL) LDH< 1.5 × upper limit of normal 56% of non-seminomas 5 years PFS 89% 5 year survival 92% | Any primary site And No non-pulmonari visceral metastases And Normal AFP, any hCG and any LDH 90% of Seminomas 5 years PFS 82% 5 year survival 86% |
INTERMEDIATE PROGNOSIS | |
Non-seminoma | Seminoma |
Testis/retroperitoneal primary And No non-pulmonary visceral metastases And Intermediate markers (any of): AFP ≥ 1000 and ≤ 10,000 ng/mL hCG ≥ 5000 iu/L and ≤ 50,000 iu/L LDH ≥ 1.5 × N and ≤ 10 × N 28% of non-seminomas 5 years PFS 75% 5 year survival 80% | Any primary siite And Non pulmonary visceral metastases And Normal AFP, any hCG, any LDH 10% of seminomas 5 years PFS 67% 5 year survival 72% |
POOR PROGNOSIS | |
Non-seminoma | Seminoma |
Mediastinal primary Or Non-pulmonary visceral metastases Or Poor markers (any of): AFP > 10,000 ng/mL hCG > 50,000 iu/L (10,000 ng/mL) LDH > 10 × upper limit of normal 16% of non-seminomas 5 year PFS 41% 5 year survival 48% | No patients classified as poor prognosis |
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Velado-Eguskiza, A.; Gomez-Santos, L.; Badiola, I.; Sáez, F.J.; Alonso, E. Testicular Germ Cell Tumours and Proprotein Convertases. Cancers 2022, 14, 1633. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14071633
Velado-Eguskiza A, Gomez-Santos L, Badiola I, Sáez FJ, Alonso E. Testicular Germ Cell Tumours and Proprotein Convertases. Cancers. 2022; 14(7):1633. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14071633
Chicago/Turabian StyleVelado-Eguskiza, Aitziber, Laura Gomez-Santos, Iker Badiola, Francisco José Sáez, and Edurne Alonso. 2022. "Testicular Germ Cell Tumours and Proprotein Convertases" Cancers 14, no. 7: 1633. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14071633