Message in a Bottle: Endothelial Cell Regulation by Extracellular Vesicles
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Exosomes and Microvesicles
3. The Role of EVs in Cell–Cell Communication
4. Regulation of Endothelial Cells Functions by Tumor-Derived Exosomes
Cellular Origin of Exosomes | Small-RNA | Functions | REFs |
---|---|---|---|
Colorectal carcinoma | miR-25-3p | Disrupts endothelial barrier ↑ Angiogenesis ↑ Metastasis dissemination Induces the formation of pre-metastatic niches | [82,83] |
Breast cancer | miR-105 and 181c | Promote vascular permeability and metastasis | [84] |
Gastric cancer | miR-130a miR-155 miR-135b | Promote angiogenesis and tumour growth ↑ Generation of new vessels in vitro Inhibit FOXO3a ↑ Growth of blood vessels ↓ FOXO1 | [86,87,88,89] |
Ovarian cancer | miR-205 | Induces angiogenesis via PTEN-AKT ↑ Metastasis | [91] |
Papillary thyroid cancer | miR-21-5p | ↓ TGFBI and COL4A1 ↑ Endothelial tube formation | [92] |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | circRNA-100,338 | ↑ Metastatic ability ↑ Angiogenesis ↑ Cell proliferation ↑ Permeability and vascular mimicry | [98] |
Pancreatic cancer | circ-IARS | Promote tumour invasion and metastasis | [99] |
5. Endothelial Regulation by Exosomes in Atherosclerosis
Cellular Origin of Exosomes | Cargo | Functions | REFs |
---|---|---|---|
Macrophages Vascular smooth muscle cells Platelets | miR-155 miR-223 | NF-κB pathway activation ↑ VCAM-1, ICAM-1 | [119,121,138] |
Vascular smooth muscle cells | miR-155 | ↓ EC proliferation and migration Tight junction proteins suppression | [128] |
Endothelial cells | TET2 MALTA11 miRNA-126 miRNA-210 miR-216 miRNA-143/145 | ↑ VSMCs proliferation and migration ↑ Plaque formation NETs formation M2 macrophage polarization ↓ Macrophage infiltration ↓ AS progression ↓ SMCs proliferation and migration ↓ Atherosclerotic lesions | [130,131,132,134,135,136] |
Macrophages | miR-21-3p | Inhibits PTEN expression ↑ VSMC proliferation and migration ↑ AS development | [119] |
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cellular Origin of Exosomes | Angiogenic Proteins | Functional Role | REFs |
---|---|---|---|
Glioblastoma | ↑ VEGF, TGFβ, βFGF ↑ IL-6, IL-8 ↑ TIMP-1, TIMP-2 ↑ Sema3A | ↑ Angiogenesis ↑ Malignancy | [66,71] |
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | ↑ MMP-13 ↑ MMP-2 ↑ MMP-9 | Metastasis promotion ↑ Proliferation and tube formation in vitro | [73] |
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | uPA coagulation factorIII MMP-9 | ↑ Formation of vascular structures ↑ Proliferation of the cells | [75] |
Colorectal carcinoma | Tetraspanin-8 Plexin B2 | ↑ Angiogenesis | [76] |
Lung adenocarcinoma | Sortilin | ↑ Angiogenic protein | [77] |
Melanoma | VE-Cadherin uPAR EGFR | ↑ Angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo | [78,79] |
Breast cancer | Annexin II | Metastasis and Angiogenesis promotion | [80] |
Myeloma, lymphoblastoid and breast cancer | Heparanase | ↑ Angiogenic factors and tube formation | [81] |
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Palazzo, C.; D’Alessio, A.; Tamagnone, L. Message in a Bottle: Endothelial Cell Regulation by Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers 2022, 14, 1969. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14081969
Palazzo C, D’Alessio A, Tamagnone L. Message in a Bottle: Endothelial Cell Regulation by Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers. 2022; 14(8):1969. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14081969
Chicago/Turabian StylePalazzo, Claudia, Alessio D’Alessio, and Luca Tamagnone. 2022. "Message in a Bottle: Endothelial Cell Regulation by Extracellular Vesicles" Cancers 14, no. 8: 1969. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14081969